LING 100 Aphasia PDF

LING 100 Aphasia Broca\'s aphasia: non-fluent, slow speech; comprehension intact Wernicke\'s Aphasia: fluent but non senesical speech; impaired comprehension Split-Brain Studies \*Cutting corpus callosum to control epilepsy reveals lateralization -left-brain responsible for verbal tasks Divided...

LING 100 Aphasia Broca\'s aphasia: non-fluent, slow speech; comprehension intact Wernicke\'s Aphasia: fluent but non senesical speech; impaired comprehension Split-Brain Studies \*Cutting corpus callosum to control epilepsy reveals lateralization -left-brain responsible for verbal tasks Divided Visual-Field Experiments: studying each hemisphere of brain processes visually info related to language Sociolinguistics \*The relationship between language and society Sociolinguistic Norms: a set of social conventions shared by a group of people in their language use Forms of Address \*How conversation between people and the way they refer to each other Social factors influencing forms of address: Age, gender, social status, intimacy Patterns: reciprocal first name = shared status + some solidarity Non-reciprocal Naming = power imbalance (e.g. Dr.) Sociolinguistics: Key Terms Markers: Linguistic features noticeable and have a social meaning Example: Dropping /r/ in \"car\" = rhotic Indicators: subtle features with little perceived Example: we used to always go Key Terms Accent: differences in pronunciation Dialect: differences in pronunciation, lexical items + syntax Idiolect: individual language use unique to a speaker Standard = most power which is taught in school Non-standard = regional or social variation Repairs \*Occurs when \"trouble\" arises in a convo Other initiated repair: listener interjects (Excuse me? Why?) Self-Repair: speaker clarifies or corrects Hedges \*Words or phrases that make a statement less forceful or assertive -express probability, caution, or indecisiveness Example: I think, maybe, it might \*Speakers with lower power use more hedges Cultural Norms in Conversations Gap/silence acceptance: some cultures tolerate silence between speakers Backchannel: verbal or non-verbal cues (uh-huh) Overlap/Interuption: high-involvement (new york) has frequent overlap Interuption: cooperative = helps the speaker Intrusive: disagress, changes topic Turn-Taking \*Universal conversation norm Linguistic signals to end a turn -lowering pitch on final syllable Non-verbal signals: gaze direction, relaxing posture Conversation Analysis \*study of how language reflects + shape relationships and social realities Ethnomethodology: studies how conversations are structured Forms of Address: Honorifics \*A form of address that encodes the relative social status of people in a convo -words or phrases conveying respect, esteem, or courtesy Example: Mr, Mrs, Dr, Your highness Forms of Address: Pronouns T-Form: informal and is used for family + friends (high solidarity) V-Form: formal and is used for strangers and people with equal status (low solidarity) Unequal status: powerful use Solidarity and Power \*The conversation reflects relationship dynamic Solidarity: closeness or intimacy between participants Power: the relative social standing of participants Psycholinguistics \*Psychology + linguistics -the study of psychological and neurobiological factors that allow humans to acquire, use, comprehend, and produce language Slang \*Informal language often associated with youth -short-lived but some words stick around Example: mob, rip-off Isolation and Linguistic Variation Isolation: physical; isolated because of geographical factors Linguistic: isolated from speakers of same or similar language Example: Quebec French Social: isolated by conventions or attitudes Dialectology Methods 1. Find NORMS for influence Isogloss: geographical line separating linguistic features Isogloss bundle: overlapping isoglosses defining a dialect boundary Dialect Levelling: distinctive features worn down over time Dialectology \*Study of regional language differences Dialect geography: certain speech features found in certain geographical areas or dialect regions Contemporary dialectology: a broader range of speakers -young people, non-rural environment Canadian Raising Diphthongs are pronounced differently before voiceless consonants Example: lout vs loud Prevelar Raising: pronunciations of vowel shifts before velar consonants Example: bag can sound like beg Methods in psycholingusitc research Field Methods: observing phenomena that occur naturally Example: slips of the tongue Experimental Methods: researcher controls the situation in which language is processed -lexical decision tasks = real vs fake -priming -sentence processing Eye-Tracking/Movement during reading \*Involves saccades (jerky movements) and fixations (short pauses) -English readers use left-to-right saccades with occasional regressive saccades Fixation: more frequent on rare words (longer to process) \*Common on content words over function words Key Areas of psycholinguistics 1. Language acquisition: how people learn language 2\. Language comprehension: understand how listener/reader decodes messages 3\. Language production: how speakers encode/produce messages \*Linguistic level, psychological, accoustic Garden Path Sentences \*sentences that mislead readers/listeners during parsing (syntactic process) Parsing:: assigning gramamtical process roles and combining words into phrases Example: the horse raced past the barn fell Incremental: process one word at a time Automatic: happens without higher cognitive intervention Malapropisms + Spoonerisms Malapropisms: confusing similar sounding words (precipitation vs participation) Spoonerisms: swapping sounds across words Example: you hissed my mystery lectures for you missed my history lectures Research on Language Production Naturalistic Production: speech errors slips of the tongue, spoonerisms Experimental Production: priming tasks, lexical decision tasks Methathesis: swithcing phonemes (aminal vs animal) Anticipation: using a sound too early (tanadian for Canadian) Blends: combining words (perple = people and purple) Substitution: semantic errors Tests in Neurolinguistics Dichotic listening: exploits contralateral organization -right ear: advantage for words, numbers, morse code -left ear: advantage for melodies, environmental sounds PET Scans: tracks active brain regions using radioactive tracers negative: invasive, costly, etc. Language in the Brain -language function is located in left hemisphere \*Right-handed individuals have language in the left cerebral hemisphere = left lateralized Left Hand: more complex -language lateralization in right-hemisphere -show in both hemispheres = less lateralized for language Lateralizations -brain functions are contralateral -right bodt controlled by the left brain and vice versa -left side is controlled by the right hemisphere Left Handers: more variability in language lateralization Neurolinguistics \*Study of the relationship between language behaviour and the brain Cerebral cortex: thin layer covering the brain\'s cerebrum \*This is where language is processed \*Two hemisphere is connected by corpus callosum -left hemisphere: dominates in most right-handed individuals that is responsible for language Right-hemisphere: role in non-literal language Forensic Linguistics: Differences in Culture Silence: In English, silence = suspicious In Indigenous: silence signals thoughtfulness and respect Gratuitous Concurrence: Non-native speakers may agree out of consciousness out of politeness not agreement Author Attribution: Style -Uses stylistic analysis to reach a conclusion and opinions related to questioned writing \*Each writing style is reflected in idiolect=consistent Discourse Memory How witnesses recall and remember conversations \*Witnesses often forget details (discourse markers) in phone calls Phone calls = unreliable over time; not substantial evidence Forensic Phonetics: Speaker Profiling \*Profiling speaker based on a phone call to limit pool of suspects for a case Factors to make judgements: age, sex, and ethnicity \*Sex is reliable, age is less-reliable (since speech patterns vary) \*Acoustic analysis to compare speakers Forensic Phonetics: Priming + Ear Witnesses Case Study: Bains was convicted for killing in a mutable 911 call on the phone \"I shot the prick\" but no one heard it until primed \*Assuming what was said Ear Witnesses + Line-Ups: matching voices to crime scenes to test earwitness reliability Plagarism and Borrowing Shakespeare vs T.S Eliot: debate over whether unacknowledged borrowing = plagarism Universities: severe punishment, students should write in their own idiolect Johnson: non-plagarized = 20% token overlap, Plagarized = 60% detecting similarities Authorship Attribution \*Process linguists use to identify the authors of disputed, anonymous, or questioned texts Case Study: JonBenet Ramsey ransom note\'s differed from parent\'s writing styles and were not suspects Jenny Nicholl: Text style differences \"fone\" vs \"phone\" linked Hodgson to texts Forensic Linguistic: Syntax \*Analyzing the definition of words Levi Case: complex sentences with passive verbs confused recipients about their rights Forensic Linguistics: Morphology + Phonetics McDonald\'s case: Court granted McDonalds ownership of \"Mc\" based on public association GUK vs GAK: similar products names were judged different due to vowel differences Chatbots, CALL, and ICALL Chatbots: dialogue systems or conversational agents-using natural language Task-Oriented: Alexa, Google home (designed to mimic humans) CALL: Interactive individual learning tools (Quizlet, Anki) ICALL: intelligent computer assisted language learning using artificial intelligence with CALL Word Meanings + Sentiment Analysis Sense Relations: Stored in databases like WordNet categorized by super senses Sentiment Analysis: assigns numerical sentiment values (positive + negative) \*Looking at reviews (good or bad): Positive score = positive, Negative score = negative Part-of-speech Tagging \*Tags words by part of speech (noun, verbs) -specific Application: Machine Translation = Google translate Computational Linguistics: Text-to-Speech + Text Prediction 1. Spectrogram Prediction: letters to spectrogrm 2\. Vicodin: Spectrogram generates waveform via vocoder Vocaloid: using vocoders to make music Text-Prediction: uses N-grams to predict the next words based on frequency in corpus (sentence) \*Bigrams: (Streep, married), Trigrams: (Streep, married, alive) Computational Linguistics: Speech Sounds \*Looks at how computers analyze process, and interact with language Speech Sounds: produces an acoustic waveform from air pressure differences -glottis-\>oral/nasal cavity -spectrogram shows frequency changes over time