Introduction to Linguistic Reviewer PDF

Sudden Death- rapid and often Broca’s Aphasia- disorder in unexpected extinction speech Gradual Shift- slow and Aphasia- impairment of language incremental change due to brain damage Language Shift- abandons their...

Sudden Death- rapid and often Broca’s Aphasia- disorder in unexpected extinction speech Gradual Shift- slow and Aphasia- impairment of language incremental change due to brain damage Language Shift- abandons their Wernicke’s Area- larger area then native language broca Code Switching- which speakers Broca’s Area- small switch from one language to another patch in the interior language within the same conversation Cerebral Cortex- outer layer of the brain Bilingualism- use two languages fluently Corpus Callosum- connected bundle of nerves Respect Varities- convey politeness, formality Lexical look-up- individuals retrieve meaning Secret Varities- specialized forms of communication Bottom-up processing- processing of sound waves Mode- medium/channel employed Perception- hearing or seeing Tenor- relationship among the language interactancts Empathy- ability to understand, Interlocutors- participants in share feelings, emotions conversation Aptitude- individual’s natural ability Dichotic Listening Test- psychological and Transfer- apply knowledge or skills neuropsychological assessment from (L1) to (L2) Split Brain- resulting form a surgical Lexical Interference- incorrect procedure word choices/false cognates Global Aphasia- severe form form Grammatical Interference- errors of aphasia in tense, articles, sentence structure Anomic Aphasia- difficulties in Phonological Interference- word retrieval difficulties with pronounciation Conduction Aphasia- impaired Transfer Errors- two languages speech repitition lead to mistakes Wernicke’s Aphasia- impaired Facilitation- first&second language comprehension helps the learner  Interference- impact of a learner’s God Nabu- babylonian attributed 1st language language Second Language Acquisition Tower of Babel Story- accounts for Theory- developed by Stephen subsequent Crashen Judea-Christian Tradition- God Second Language Acquisition- gave adam the power individuals learn a language other than their native language Sue Savage Rumbaugh- trained bonobos Operant Conditioning- Popularized by B.F Skinner Beatrix and Allen Gardner- first attempt to teach Conditioned Response Learning- associated with meaningful stimulus Teaching American Sign Language- fascinating area of Telegraphic Stage- make their first research appearances Non-Absolute Universals- tends to Two-word Stage- By 18-20 Months, be present in most languages child has active vocabulary Grammatical Borrowing- transfer Robin Dunbar 1966- proposes of syntactic morphological grooming hypothesis Absolute Universals- Grooming Hypothesis- evolve features/properties founds in every more efficient language Yo heave yo theory- sounds Lexical Borrowing- exchange in uttered by persons vocabulary Ding Dong Theory- originated in Syntactic Features- similad word natural connections order Pooh Pooh Theory- originated in Phoneme- smallest unit of sounds natural cries Language Universals- Bow Wow Theory- began with features/characteristics that are mimicry shared by all human languages Lala Theory- resembling bird songs Phonetic Universals- have ways to produce and perceive sounds Max Muller- suggested a classification of theories Grammatical Universals- ways to form questions Psammeticus- seperated two new born infants Language Typology- study of classifications - deals with grouping together  Linguistic Area- geographical Syncope- dropped from the middle region of a word Areal Linguistic- study of how Dialect- a regional or social languages influence each other variation of a language, distinguished by differences in pronunciation, Typological Features- specific vocabulary, and grammar linguistic traits Distribution of Language- refers to Sprachbund- group of languages how languages are spread across geographic regions and populations Language Change- languages evolve over time Monolingual Area- region where a single language is predominantly Old English- spoken in England spoken and Southern Scotland Language Isolate- language that Hyperbole- involves exaggeration has no known relationship with any other language in the world Amelioration- takes on more positive or elevated meaning Proto-Language- a hypothetical, reconstructed ancestral language Pejoration- takes on more negative from which a group of languages Semantic Change- changes in Language Family- a group of meaning of words over time languages that share a common ancestor, known as a proto-language Morphological Change- changes in structure of words Creoles- a fascinating and complex category of languages that emerge Syntactic Change- involves shifts when two or more languages blend in word together to create a new Neologisms- new words created to Pidgins- are rudimentary or reflect simplified forms of speech that sometimes arise in contact situations Lexical Change- constantly adopt discard, or alter words Sino-Tibetan- the second largest language family in the world in terms Cognates- share a common of numbers of speakers ancestral origin Austronesian- the most Lexical Diffusion- spread of new linguistically diverse region in the words world, populated by some 1200 languages Chain Shift- shifts in occur in a systematic manner Niger-Congo- consists of 1500 languages and largest language Language Contact- primary cause family in Africa of diffusion  Global Languages- refer to any language that is spoken and studied across cultural and geographic boundaries Mutual Intelligibility- refers to the ability of speakers of two different languages (or dialects) to understand each other Dialect Continuum- occurs when dialects of a language are spoken across a geographical area Pidgin- refers to forms of speech that share a certain percentage Dialect- a regional or social variation of a language, distinguished by differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, and gramma Language Distribution- refers to how languages are spread across geographic regions and populations Language Island- a region where a single language is predominantly spoken Isolate Language- is a language that has no known relationship with any other language Proto-language- It is a hypothetical, reconstructed ancestral language from which a group of languages Language Family- It is a group of languages that share a common ancestor, known as a proto-language.