Lily Moy - Study Tool For Fall Final 2025 PDF

# FALL FINAL STUDY TOOL ## 2025 ## Page 2 ### Reconstruction - the process of readmitting the former Confederate states to the Union. This lasted from 1865-1877. ### Wade- Davis Bill - Some politicians argued that Congress, not the president, should control the southern states' return to the Union...

# FALL FINAL STUDY TOOL ## 2025 ## Page 2 ### Reconstruction - the process of readmitting the former Confederate states to the Union. This lasted from 1865-1877. ### Wade- Davis Bill - Some politicians argued that Congress, not the president, should control the southern states' return to the Union. - They believed that Congress had the power to admit new states. - Also, many Republican members of Congress thought that the Ten Percent Plan did not go far enough. - Two Republicans- Senator Benjamin Wade and Representative Henry Davis- had an alternative to Lincoln's plan. - Following procedures of the Wade-Davis bill, a state had to meet two conditions before rejoining the Union. - First, it had to ban slavery. - Second, most adult males in the state had to take the loyalty oath. ### 10% Plan - offered southerners amnesty, or official pardon, for all illegal acts supporting the rebellions. ### Freedman's Bureau - an agency providing relief for freed people and certain poor people living in the South. - The Bureau had a difficult job. At its high point, about 900 agents served the entire South. ### Andrew Johnson - Vetoed the Freedmen's Bureau Bill - Vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 - Opposed the 14th Amendment - Argued that African Americans did not deserve the same treatment as white people - Broke the law by firing Stanton - Was impeached ### Abraham Lincoln - 16th President of the United States, Led the US during the American Civil War, Helped get the 13th Amendment passed. - He was assassinated in 1865 by John Wilks Booth ### Frederick Douglas - Escaped from slavery when he was 20 and went on to become one of the most important African American leaders of the 1800s - Secretly learned to read and write as a boy despite a law against it - Published a newspaper called the _North Star_ - He was an abolitionist leader and civil rights leader during the 1850's and 1860's. - He fought for African American rights including the end of slavery, citizenship rights, and the right to vote. - He wrote a newspaper called _The North Star_ ### Black Codes - Laws that greatly limited the freedom of African Americans - Radical Republicans (especially Thaddeus Stevens) on the other hand, they took a harsher stance they wanted the federal government to force change in the south ## Page 3 ### Civil Rights Act of 1866 - was the first civil rights law in the United States, and it established the right to participate in public life without discrimination - It declared citizenship, protected rights, prohibited discrimination, established jurisdiction, provided punishment, set a precedent ### Reconstruction Acts - these laws divided the South into five districts ### Scalawags - Southern Democrats cared even less for white Southern Republicans ### Carpetbaggers - Office-holders were northern-born Republicans who had moved to the South after the war ### 13th Amendment - This amendment made slavery illegal throughout the United States ### 14th Amendment - Fearing that the Civil Rights Act might be overturned the Republicans proposed to 14th amendment in the summer of 1866. - It defined all people born or naturalized within the US, except Native Americans, as citizens. - It guaranteed citizens the equal protection of the laws. - It said that states could not "deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." - It banned many former Confederate officials from holding offices. - It made state laws subject to federal court review. - It gave Congress the power to pass any laws needed to enforce it. ### 15th Amendment - Gave African American men the right to vote ### Election of 1876 - The 1876 United States elections were held on November 7. - In one of the most disputed presidential elections in American history, Republican Governor Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio ended up winning despite Democratic Governor Samuel J. Tilden of New York earning a majority of the popular vote. ### Plessy v. Ferguson - Segregation was allowed, said the Court, if “separate but equal” facilities were provided ## Page 4 ### Poll Tax - Was a special tax people had to pay before they could vote ### Segregation - Forced separation of whites and African Americans in public places ### Compromise of 1877 - The democrats agreed to accept Hayes's victory. In return, they wanted all remaining federal troops removed from the South ### Sharecropping - Sharing the crop. Landowners provided the land, tools, and supplies, and sharecroppers provided the labor ### Chisholm Trail - Which ran from San Antonio, Texas, to the cattle town of Abilene, Kansas, and was one of the earliest and most popular routes for cattle drives ### Homestead Act - gave government-owned land to small farmers. ### Boomtowns - Communities that grew suddenly when a mine opened ### Oklahoma Land Rush - Oklahoma land rush was when government officials announced that homesteaders could file claims on land in what is now Oklahoma. - Within a month, about 50,000 people rushed to Oklahoma to stake their claims. ### Dry Farming - a new method of farming that shifted the focus away from water-dependent crops such as corn. ### Populism - is a range of political stances that emphasize the idea of the common 'people' and often position this group in opposition to a perceived 'elite'. ### Morrill Act - granted more than 17 million acres of federal land to the states. ### Sodbusters - The hard work of breaking up the sod earned Plains farmers the nickname sodbusters ### Exodusters - a name given to African Americans who migrated from states along the Mississippi River to Kansas in the late nineteenth century ### Dry Farming - a new method of farming that shifted the focus away from water-dependent crops such as corn. ### National Grange - was a social and educational organization for farmers ### Election of 1896 - Former Governor William McKinley, the Republican nominee, defeated former Representative William Jennings Bryan, the Democratic nominee. ## Page 5 ### Homestead Strike - a violent strike took place at Andrew Carnegie's Homestead steel factory in Pennsylvania. - Union members there protested a plan to buy new machinery and cut jobs ### Battle of Little BigHorn - Sioux Forces led by Crazy Horse and sitting both surrounded and defeated Custer in his troops - newspapers called the battle custer's Last Stand Because his entire command was killed it - was the worst defeat the US Army suffered in the West - Was the Sioux's last major victory ### Little of Medicine Lodge - is the site of the Medicine Lodge Treaties, which were signed in 1867 ### Treaty of Fort Laramie - Miners and sellers were also increasing the numbers and they wanted Indians land the US Government tried to avoid disputes by negotiating the Treaty of Fort Laramie The first major treaty between the US government and the Plain Indians - two years later several Southern Plain Nations sign a treaty at Fort Atkinson in Nebraska - these treaties recognize Indian Claims to the most of the Great Plains - they also allowed the United States to build forts and Roads and to travel across Indian homelands the US government promised to pay for any damage to Indian lands ### Collective Bargaining - all workers acting collectively, or together workers had a much greater chance of success in negotiating with management ### Telegraph Machine - Helped communicate ### Telephone (invention of) - Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone, ### Haymarket Square Riot (where did it take place) - Haymarket Square in Chicago, Illinois - May 4, 1886 ### Andrew Carnegie - one of the most admired business people of the time, born in Scotland, came to the US as a poor immigrant, worked his way up to the position of railroad superintendent, focused on steel making, expanded his business by buying out competitors, his businesses used vertical integration ### John D. Rockefeller - successful in consolidating/combining businesses, started an oil refining company, and used vertical integration, his company also developed horizontal integration, and he formed a trust ### Mass Culture - the production and distribution of ideas, values, and symbols to large audiences through mass media and other forms of cultural products ### Second Industrial Revolution - a period of rapid growth in U.S. manufacturing in the late 1800s ### Difference between suburbs, urban areas, and rural areas - There are lots of houses in suburban areas, but not as many other buildings as urban areas-maybe just one or two small shops or stores. - A rural community is one with lots of nature and open spaces, with fewer people and buildings than urban or suburban areas. ## Page 6 ### Jacob Riis - Because famous for exposing the horrible conditions in New York City tenements, wrote the book "How the Other Half Lives”, wrote about one typical family: - “There were nine in the family: husband, wife an aged grandmother, and six children... All nine lived in two rooms, one about ten feet square that served as a parlor, bedroom, and eating room, the other a small hall room made into a kitchen.” ### Air pollution in Pittsburgh - Problems with Steel Mills in Pittsburgh: - Caused some of the nation's worst air pollution ### Settlement Houses - People usually started settlement houses in poor areas in order to improve education, housing, and sanitation there. ## Page 7 ### Ellis Island (what was the acceptance rate at Ellis Island for immigrants) - opened in New York Habor in 1892, millions of European immigrants came through Ellis Island, a processing center ### Angel Island - opened near San Francisco in 1910, Chinese immigrants were often kept at Angel Island for weeks or months while officials investigated their families ### Sweatshops - workplaces called sweatshops because of long hours and hot, unhealthy working conditions ### Steerage - an area below a ship's deck where steering mechanisms are located ### Political machines - Powerful organizations that used both legal and illegal methods to get their candidates elected to public office ### Triangle Shirtwaist Fire - led to the passage of laws improving factory safety standards ### 16th Amendment - This Amendment allows the federal government to impose direct taxes on citizens' income. ### 17th Amendment - Which allowed Americans to vote directly for U.S. senators ### 18th Amendment - banning the production, sale, transportation of alcoholic beverages throughout the United States ### 19th Amendment - granting American women the right to vote ### Muckrakers - These journalists were nicknamed muckrakers because they "raked up" and exposed the muck, or filth, or society. - Muckrakers wrote about troubling issues such as child labor, racial discrimination, slum housing, and corruption in business and politics. ### W.E.B. Dubois - took a direct approach to fighting racial injustice. - Born in Massachusetts, Du Bois was a college graduate who earned a doctorate from Havard University. - He studied and publicized cases of racial prejudice. - Du Bois believed that African Americans should protest unjust treatment and demand equal rights. - 1909– Du Bois and other reformers founded the NAACP ## Page 8 ### Booker T. Washington - African American leader, born into slavery he became a respected educator while in his twenties. - Washington's strategy was not to fight discrimination directly. - Instead, he encouraged African Americans to improve their educational and economic well-being. - He believed that this would eventually lead to the end of discrimination ### National Women's Party - a political organization that fought for women's rights in the United States ### Yellow Journalism - To attract readers, Pulitzer and Hearst printed sensational, often exaggerated news stories. - This technique is called yellow journalism. ### Spanish American War - a conflict between the United States and Spain that took place from April 21 to December 10, 1898 ### Territory US gained after Spanish American War - Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, Cuba ### Teller Amendment - Which stated that the United States had no interest in taking control of Cuba ### Platt Amendment - which limited Cuba's right to make treaties and allowed the United States to intervene in Cuban affairs. - It also required Cuba to sell or lease land to the United States. - The amendment remained in force until 1934, and the U.S. government stayed actively involved in Cuban affairs until the late 1950s ### Rough Riders - The most colorful group of soldiers, second in command- Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt. - Roosevelt had organized Rough Riders to fight in Cuba. ### Imperialism - Building an empire by founding colonies or conquering other nations ### Isolationism - Avoiding involvement in the affairs of other countries ### Matthew Perry - headed an expedition that forced Japan in 1853–54 to enter into trade and diplomatic relations with the West after more than two centuries of isolation. ### Open Door Policy - This policy stated that all nations should have equal access to trade in China ### Obtaining Alaska - William H. Seward: Arranged the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. - Some people thought Alaska was a frozen wasteland, calling the deal “Seward's Folly" (foolish act). - But Seward had purchased an area more than twice the size of Texas for Alaska became a source of valuable natural resources such as fur, timber, and minerals. ### Spheres of Influence - Areas where foreign nations controlled resources ### Boxer Rebellion - The Boxers were Chinese nationalist who were angered by foreign involvement in China. - China made a $333 million to foreign governments and $25 million of that went to the US ### Alfred T. Mahan - the president of the United States Naval War College, published _The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783_, a revolutionary analysis of the importance of naval power as a factor in the rise of the British Empire. - Two years later, he completed a supplementary volume, _The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793-1812_. ## Page 9 ### Panama Canal - Some 6,000 lives were lost during the American construction of the Panama Canal. - It was finally opened to ships on August 15, 1914, linking the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. ### Dollar Diplomacy - influencing governments through economic, not military, intervention. - President Taft described dollar diplomacy as “substituting dollars for bullets. It is . . . directed to the increase of American trade.” - He wanted to encourage stability and keep Europeans out of Latin America by expanding U.S. business interests there. ### Roosevelt Corollary - In December 1904 he announced what became known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. - This addition warned that in cases of “wrongdoing” by Latin American countries, the United States might exercise “international police power." - The Roosevelt Corollary asserted a new role for the United States as an “international police power" in the Western Hemisphere. - Roosevelt actively enforced the corollary throughout the rest of his presidency. ## Page 10 ### Event that started World War I - the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand ### Trench Warfare - defending a position by fighting from the protection of deep ditches ### Western Front - By mid-September French and German troops faced each other along a long battle line called the western front. - The western front stretched from the North Sea all the way to Switzerland. ### Sinking of the Lusitania - Lusitania, a British passenger liner. - Nearly 1,200 people, including 128 Americans, were killed. - The incident fueled anti-German feeling in the United States. - Throughout the coming war, German Americans faced nativist attacks, including anti-German speeches, discrimination, and physical attacks ### Zimmerman Telegram/ Note - The United States stepped closer to war when Americans found out about the Zimmermann Note. - This secret telegram to Mexico sent by the German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmermann, was decoded and then published by American newspapers in March 1917. - In the note, Zimmermann proposed an alliance against the United States. - He promised that Germany would help Mexico recapture areas that Mexico had lost during the Mexican-American War. ### War Industries Board - The War Industries Board (WIB) oversaw the production and distribution of steel, copper, cement, and rubber. ### Committee on Public Information - President Wilson formed it, they organized rallies and parades and published posters and pamphlets, Speakers known as “four-minute men” gave short patriotic speeches in movie theaters and churches ### Selective Service Act - Congress passed the Selective Service Act in 1917. - The act required men between the ages of 21 and 30 to register to be drafted. - Almost 3 million Americans were drafted into service in World War I. ### Woodrow Wilson - President Woodrow Wilson announced that the United States would remain neutral. - Most Americans agreed that America should stay out of the war ## Page 11 ### Woodrow Wilson - Woodrow Wilson was born in Virginia in 1856. - The terrible destruction he saw as a child during the Civil War would later influence his response to World War I. - As president, he backed reforms such as childlabor restrictions and an eighthour workday for railroad workers. - Although he eventually abandoned American neutrality during World War I, Wilson was committed to world peace after the war. - For his role in helping found the League of Nations, Wilson won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919. ### Weapons of World War I - Other new weapons included tanks and airplanes. - Tanks are armored combat vehicles that can cause heavy damage but cannot be destroyed easily. - Airplanes were used to fire down on soldiers in trenches and to gather information about enemy locations. - Airplanes also battled each other in lights called "dogfights.” and machine guns ### Militarism - the aggressive strengthening of armed forces. ### Nationalism - Nationalism is a strong sense of pride and loyalty to one's nation or culture. - Nationalism inspired people who shared a language or culture to want to unite politically, helped bring stability to Germany ### Reparations - a form of compensation or amends made for an injury or abuse ### Central Powers - Germany, Bulgaria, and Austria Hungary ### Flu Epidemic of 1918 - The 1918 flu pandemic, also known as the Spanish flu, was a deadly global influenza pandemic that killed millions of people ### Armistice Day - The armistice, or truce, went into effect on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918. - “At eleven o'clock everything got so quiet that the silence was nearly unbearable," remembered an American soldier. - Then the silence was broken with shouts like “I've lived through the war!" ### Treaty of Versailles (why did the US Senate not approve the treaty) - This peace settlement, which marked the end of World War I, established the League of Nations. ### AEF - They wanted the U.S. troops, known as the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), to join French and British units. - But General John J. Pershing, leader of the American troops, insisted that the Americans join the fight as a separate force. - He refused to have the AEF "scattered among the Allied forces where it will not be an American army at all." - Pershing also demanded that his troops be thoroughly trained for combat before rushing to the front lines ## Page 12 ### Bolshevik Revolution in Russia - November 1917 a group of Russians called the Bolsheviks overthrew the Russian government and seized power. - The Bolsheviks were Communists— people who favor the equal distribution of wealth and the end of all forms of private property.