History Study Guide PDF

unit 3 11/21/24 quiz 5 election of 1800 ○ federalists (strong central government) ran john adams weakened by alien and sedition acts, peace with france, split...

unit 3 11/21/24 quiz 5 election of 1800 ○ federalists (strong central government) ran john adams weakened by alien and sedition acts, peace with france, split with hamilton ○ democratic-republicans (liberty) ran thomas jefferson accused of having children with slaves (hypocrite), being antireligious ○ jefferson won (tied with aaron burr) ⅗ compromise increased importance of southern votes ○ peaceful transfer of power (burr accepted his loss) rule of law republican ideas thomas jefferson (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3Ox6vGteek) ○ peacefully tried to unite people - encouraged federalists to switch parties (didn’t criticize them) caused democratic-republicans to eventually dissolve ○ first president to give state union to congress ○ didn’t want urbanization and industrialization (plantation owners–keep land for agriculture) ○ limited central government and promoted state government cut down military spending - wanted to eliminate debt secretary of treasury (gallatin) introduced modern budgeting to government (hamilton ideas) whiskey tax removed ○ alien and sedition acts expired judiciary act 1801 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=et-L7IHn9Dc) ○ 16 judgeships before adam left office, he appointed people who favored him federalism to keep control of the judicial branch jefferson didn’t like these ideas different thinkers refused to send delivery of appointments unit 3 11/21/24 ○ patronage become a judge for voting or supporting someone ○ democratic republicans tried to impeach judges (jefferson) marbury vs madison 1803 ○ marbury was a midnight judge who didn’t get his commission sued the secretary of state ○ chief justice marsh used case to establish power of supreme court marshall said that congress was wrong and marbury couldn’t be a judge judiciary act unconstitutional ○ judicial review - allowed supreme court to declare congress laws invalid (unconstitutional) louisiana ○ napoleon took louisiana back from spain in 1800 ○ french barred american merchants from storing goods in new orleans westerners depended on mississippi river for trade jefferson - more land, expansion in the west haitian revolution (1791-1803) ○ napoleon needed haiti to control louisiana louisiana purchase (1803) ○ monroe and livingston not authorized to make purchase ○ bought anyway for $15 million (april 13 1803) ○ some thought land to be worthless jefferson's constitutional dilemma ○ strict constructionism (follow only what the constitution says) vs expansionism (wanting to expand the US) ○ constitution didn’t mention if congress could buy land, so jefferson allowed to to be bought ○ louisiana double the size of the US guaranteed control of the mississippi expansion of new states led to 13 new states (828,000 acres) westward expansion ○ effects of purchase precedent establishes that US can purchase additional land new lands would create states admitted on equal footing america could thrive separate from european power americans didn’t know what was inside the louisiana territory unit 3 11/21/24 ○ lewis and clark expedition (corps of discovery) 35 army soldiers + 5 non-military persons find water routes to pacific, study tribes, nature, and the environment left spring 1804, arrived at pacific december 1805 gave details of what was in louisiana british and french war ○ resumed in 1803 ○ US was neutral, traded with both ○ both countries wanted to stop trade ○ 1806 - orders in council passed by britain to close european ports (including american) upset american merchants french enforced by attacking american ships and seizing them all ○ impressment - british would board american ships and force american soldiers into the british navy ○ between 1808-1811, US thinks that 6,000+ americans had been taken barbary pirates ○ barbary states: collection of north african states ○ pirates seized u.s. merchant ships off the coast of africa pirates demanded a payment (ransom-like) to cease their attacks ○ 1801-1805: jefferson denied, sent u.s. navy to fight (tripoli fights) chesapeake affair of 1807 ○ british ship Leonard demanded americans to surrender 5 soldiers; james barron refused british ships fired anyways, killing 3 and wounding 18 went to ship and took 4 americans to the coast of virginia ○ jefferson demanded an apology, so the british apologized but continued impressment embargo act of 1807 ○ US was too weak to fight the french and english ○ passed to stop european trade completely wanted to do this so both sides would weaken policies, and realize their need for raw american materials hurt american economy more ○ hurt democratic-republicans (jefferson) saw law as tyrannical, federalists gained more power ○ repealed march 1809 unit 3 11/21/24 ○ replaced by non-intercourse act only not traded with british and french until they respected american neutrality james madison ○ elected president in 1808 ○ non-intercourse act expired 1810 ○ macon’s bill no.2 bill allowed president to cut off trade with either britain or france if the other lifted trade restrictions napoleon agreed to lift restriction, resuming trade with france madison hoped to force britain to repeal the orders of council, reopening atlantic trade british did not repeal orders of council, they knew US needed british trade US forced into re-establishing embargo, which ended US neutrality in anglo-france napoleonic war war hawks ○ typically were new members of the government from south and west ○ very nationalistic ○ favored military response over diplomacy easier to farm with would push indians off land ○ US government ought land, then forced indians off of it ○ 3 main plans declare war on britain take florida from spain (for aiding natives) invade british canada (for aiding natives) ○ drove james madison to declare war on indians native american resistance ○ tecumseh and tenskwatawa ○ attempted to create a confederation of all tribes east of the mississippi ○ tenskwatawa seen as a prophet, arguing against indian assimilation of white ways ○ led shawnee resistance to white settlement in northern territory ○ offered to join americans against british if US gave back shawnee land - US said no battle of tippecanoe (1811) unit 3 11/21/24 ○ william henry harrison defeated indians in a battle at tippecanoe and burned tecumseh’s village in india ○ attack led to general war between indians and americans british gave indians both weapons + support ○ the war hawks called for war against britain and to take canada (june 1st 1812 - impressment) ○ federalists think that war was a bad idea quids and new england merchants opposed war anti-war ideals primarily in new england (relied on manufacturing) commercial & religious ties to protestantism made them more sympathetic to protestant british (vs. catholic french) canadian invasion 1812 ○ canadian campaign american goals were to invade canada so that british don’t have staging ground US hoped to get some canadian territory in future peace treaty ○ offensive strategy in canada was poorly conceived and executed ○ launched a three-pronged invasion from detroit, niagara, and lake champlain us forces were divided and weak ○ three invasions were all quickly beaten back naval battles ○ u.s. navy achieved multiple victories in the coast ○ mainly due to new englands’ shipbuilding & skill of free african americans ○ 1813: oliver h. perry defeats british navy on lake erie set the way for general willaim h. harrison’s victory at battle of the thames (c. detroit), killing tecumseh new york ○ 10,000 strong british forces prepared to crush NY by invading down lake champlain ○ thomas macdonough defeats british fleets in lake champlain (sept 11 1814) ○ results british forced to retreat macdonough saved upper NY from conquest stopped further defections in new england affected the negotiations of anglo-american peace treaty in europe unit 3 11/21/24 washington burned ○ 1814 a second british force landed in chesapeake bay and advanced towards washington ○ burned most public buildings, including capitol and white house ○ british fleet then beaten at force mchenry francis scott key - star spangled banner battle of new orleans ○ 8000 british attack new orleans ○ jackson in charge of defense with hodge-podge force of soldiers, pirates, and frenchman ○ march 1814: battle of horseshoe bend (c. alabama) defeats powerful british ally: creek nation ○ british overconfident and attacked US entrenched positions ○ british were defeated ○ jackson labeled as a hero ○ however the battle was only two weeks after a peace treaty the treaty of ghent ○ 1814, US peace delegation headed by john quincy adams (senate ratified 1815) ○ british lose in NY and baltimore and are more reasonable and willing to negotiate ○ stop fighting, restore conquered territory ○ no mention of american grievances ○ war was essentially a draw results of the war of 1812 ○ sense of heightened nationalism ○ army was expanded to 10,000 men and reliance on militia was increased had built 21 new warships in the 8 years after the war ○ US isolationism no direct involvement in europe for a century ○ decline of the federalist party ○ federalists seemed out of touch and unpatriotic for opposing war (hartford convention) ○ final federalist victory was governor of massachusetts in 1813 — end of quiz 5 material — reading pages: 182-187, 189 unit 3 11/21/24 SHORT-ANSWER QUESTION 1. Answer (a), (b), and (c） （a） Briefly explain how ONE specific event or historical development was used by supporters of going to war against Britain in 1812. （b） Briefly explain how ONE specific event or historical development was used by opponents of going to war against Britain in 1812. （c） Briefly explain how ONE reason for or against the War of 1812 played a major role in U.S. politics and policies after the war.