Lifestyle Factors in Medicine PDF

Manana Maridashvili. MD. PhD. Professor Health and Society I (Lifestyle, Nutrition, Health Promotion) Topic 1...

Manana Maridashvili. MD. PhD. Professor Health and Society I (Lifestyle, Nutrition, Health Promotion) Topic 1 Lifestyle factors in medicine. The scope, context, framework. The links in medicine. World Health Organization (WHO) definition of health; “Health is a state of complete physical, mental& social well-being and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity.” Lifestyle Lifestyle is defined as the habits, attitudes, tastes, moral standards, economic level, etc., that together constitute the mode of living of an individual or group. Types of Lifestyles are the following: Healthy lifestyle. A healthy lifestyle is close and fitting with an active lifestyle.... Bohemian lifestyle. Nomadic lifestyle. Corporate lifestyle. Rural lifestyle. Urban lifestyle (City Lifestyle) Mountain lifestyle. Beach lifestyle. Manana Maridashvili. Lifestyle factors 1  A nomadic lifestyle means traveling to different places, it requires an interest in exploration 'Bohemian,' as commonly used in the West for the last two centuries, means a person who lives an unconventional lifestyle, often with few permanent ties, involving musical, artistic, or literary pursuits. Lifestyle factors Lifestyle factors are the modifiable habits and ways of life that can greatly influence overall health and well-being, including fertility. What lifestyle factors affect health? Lifestyle risk factors are the following: Unhealthy diet. The foods you eat affect the health.... Not enough exercise. Being physically active is good for your heart and brain.... Unhealthy weight.... Smoking (tobacco misuse)... Too much alcohol.... Birth control and hormone replacement therapy (HRT)... Recreational drug use.... Stress. Lifestyle medicine The American College of Lifestyle Medicine defines Lifestyle Medicine as “the use of lifestyle interventions in the treatment and management of disease.” It continues that “Such interventions include diet (nutrition), exercise, stress management, smoking cessation, and a variety of other non-drug modalities”. Lifestyle Medicine is an evidence-based approach to preventing and treating these chronic diseases that are typically caused by modifiable lifestyle habits such as poor diet, inadequate exercise, smoking and other choices. Manana Maridashvili. Lifestyle factors 2  WHAT SHOULD BE THE IDLE PARAMETERS FOR HEALTHY LIVING? 1. HEALTHY DIET 2.DAILY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 3.HEALTHY LIFESTYLE PRACTICES HEALTHY LIFE STYLE q BE PHYSICALLY MORE ACTIVE q DEAL WITH STRESS q REDUCE WEIGHT q QUIT ALCOHOL q SET MEAL TIMINGS q EAT A BALANCED DIET. Exercise Exercise Can help q Reduces body fat. Control blood sugar. q Improve posture and balance. q Reduces fatigue and helps manage stress q Increases strengthening muscles q Help relieve back pressure q Improve circulation & lowers blood pressure q Improve self-image. Manana Maridashvili. Lifestyle factors 3  What is Healthy Diet? Diet That Includes All The Essential Nutrients Like Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins, Minerals, Fiber ,Water, And Salt As Per The Requirements Of The Body. Importance of Healthy Diet q A healthy diet gives you energy, q Supports your mood, Maintains your weight. q It can also be a huge support through the different stages in life. q Healthy food can help reduce PMS, Boost fertility. q Combat stress. q Make pregnancy and nursing easier. Ease symptoms of menopause. Manana Maridashvili. Lifestyle factors 4  Components Of Balanced Diet q NUTRIENTS q CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS q FAT VITAMINS q MINERALS AND SALT FOOD GROUPS CEREALS AND MILLETS q PULSES,LEGUMES,NUTS AND OIL SEED q MILK, EGG AND FLESH FOODS VEGETABLES AND FRUITS FACTORS AFFECTING NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS ARE q AGE q SEX q ACTIVITY LEVEL q PHYSIOLOGICAL STATUS q ENVIORNMENTAL CONDITION Healthy diet and Healthy life Style is important for prevention from 1. HEART DISEASES/HYPERTENSION/ HIGH CHOLESTROL LEVELS 2. OBESITY 3. HYPOTHYROIDISM/HYPERTHYROIDISM 4. DIABETES 5. ANEMIA 6. ACNE/EARLY WRINKLES 7. SKIN DISEASE 8. OSTEOARTHRITIS/OSTEOPOROSIS 9. LIVER DISEASES 10. CANCER Manana Maridashvili. Lifestyle factors 5  Good Nutrition For All Ages Women Good nutrition starts with the basics q Diet consisting of whole grains, fresh fruits and vegetables, healthy fats, and lean sources of protein. q These kinds of foods provide women with plenty of energy. q Give lifelong weight control. q looking and feeling great at any age. HEALTHY EATING HABITS 1. Include a variety of whole grains in your diet. 2. Don’t eat too much protein. 3. Choosing healthy fats. 4. Make sure you get enough iron. 5. Include good sources of calcium in your diet. Include fruits in your daily diet 6. Refined sugar is not good for you. Try to cut back or eliminate altogether. 7. Cut back on alcohol and caffeine. 8. Take smaller portions of meals. 9. Eat breakfast regularly. Eating Out. Choose low fat ,low sugar, low sodium fiber rich diet. Start slow and make changes to your eating habits over time. Regular exercise may even motivate you to make healthy food choices a habit. Manana Maridashvili. Lifestyle factors 6  Focus on foods for strong bones Calcium: The recommended daily allowance varies from 400 to 1,200 mg/day. Magnesium: The recommended daily allowance for magnesium is 500 to 800 mg/day Vitamin D: The recommended daily allowance for vitamin D is 400 and 1,000 IU (international units) daily. Nutrition tips to ease menopause Boost calcium intake. Calcium supports bone health and helps prevent osteoporosis. Limit wine, sugar, white flour products, and coffee. Hot flashes improve in almost all cases when those foods are reduced or eliminated. Eat more good fats. Omega-3 and omega-6 essential fatty acids can help boost hormone production and give your skin a healthy glow. Evening primrose oil and black currant oil are good sources of gamma- linolenic acid (GLA), an essential fatty acid that can help balance your hormones and alleviate hot flashes. Try flaxseed for hot flashes. Flaxseed is rich in lignans, which help stabilize hormone levels. Flaxseed can be particularly effective in managing hot flashes. Consider eating more soy. Soy products are high in phytoestrogens, plant-based estrogens that are similar to estrogen produced by the body. Some studies suggest that soy may help manage menopausal HEALTHY Whole wheat flour Whole wheat bread Bajra, Jowar, Ragi Brown rice Whole pulse, sprouts Skim milk Soya, Paneer Plain, boiled water Unpeeled fruits Steamed/Baked/Roasted items Manana Maridashvili. Lifestyle factors 7  BETTER RESTRICTED Refined flour White Bread Pizzas, Burgers Polished rice Split dals Whole milk Protein supplement Soft drinks Juices/milkshakes Fried items Drug Abuse and Alcoholism Introduction: Mixing alcohol and other drugs together can lead to serious physical, behavioral and health complications. Not only can drinking and drugs increase the effects of each substance, it can also trigger dangerous interactions. Individual who abuse alcohol are also more likely to abuse other substances, like prescription or illicit drugs. Disorders surrounding alcohol or substance abuse should not be self-treated. A specialized drug and alcohol treatment center will be able to help you through every step of the recovery process, giving you the greatest chance for lasting recovery. Definition: Alcoholism, now known as alcohol use disorder, is a condition in which a person has a desire or physical need to consume alcohol, even though it has a negative impact on their life. Different types of Alcoholism: THE YOUNG ADULT THE YOUNG ANTISOCIAL FUNCTIONAL ALCOHOLICS THE INTERMEDIATE CHRONIC SEVERE Manana Maridashvili. Lifestyle factors 8  Drug abuse Drug abuse is the general term used to describe the excessive and habitual use of some kind of substance, such as alcohol, marijuana or cocaine. Drug abuse is also known as Substance Abuse and is considered to be a medical problem that develops over time after prolonged use of drugs because they are harmful to the body. Different types of drugs abuse: q STIMULANT ABUSE COCAINE ABUSE PRESCRIPTION PAINKILLERS HEROIN ABUSE Alcohol Abuse: Abusers are typically heavy drinkers who continue drinking regardless of the results. Alcohol can be an addictive substance. Not everyone who consumes alcohol will become addicted. However, certain people may be more susceptible to addiction. Signs and Symptoms: Neglecting personal/family responsibilities Declining academic or professional performance. Depression. Conflicts with loved ones. Preoccupation with drinking and cravings. Inability to control drinking. Failing in attempts to stop drinking. Needing increasing amounts of alcohol to feel its effects. Getting drunk when it could be hazardous, such as before driving. Manana Maridashvili. Lifestyle factors 9  Effects of Alcohol Abuse: Short-Term Effects Vomiting. Headaches. Slurred speech. Impaired judgment. Anxiety. Insomnia. Trouble concentrating. Memory loss. Problems breathing. Coma. Death. Respiratory problems Long term effects: Damage to internal organs Muscle and bone breakdown Long-term memory impairment Lack of coordination skills Problems coping on the job or in school Poor nutrition Cardiomyopathy. Brain damage. Weakened immune system. Liver disease. Pancreatitis. Ulcers. Manana Maridashvili. Lifestyle factors 10  Thiamine deficiency. Violence or self-harm. Nasal perforation (in cocaine abuse) Accidents, such as vehicle collisions. Causes of drugs and alcohol abuse Financial hardships Marital strife History of abuse Loss of a loved one Solutions to drugs and alcohol abuse Strong support network Dealing with the past Options for Treatment Treatment: Behavioral Treatments Starting with a Primary Care Doctor PROCESS: Evaluate whether a patient’s drinking pattern is risky Help craft a treatment plan Evaluate overall health and assess if medications for alcohol may be appropriate. LAW RIGHTS AND AMENDMENTS The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985, Manana Maridashvili. Lifestyle factors 11  commonly referred to as the NDPS Act, is an Act of the Parliament that prohibits a person to produce/manufacture/cultivate, possess, sell, purchase, transport, store, and/or consume any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance. The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Bill, 1985 The Amendment also removed the NDPS Act's imposition of a mandatory death sentence in case of a repeat conviction for trafficking large quantities of drugs, giving courts the discretion to use the alternative sentence of 30 years imprisonment for repeat offences. Addiction vs. Abuse Drug abuse is when it is used legal or illegal substances in ways you shouldn’t. It might abuse drugs to feel good, ease stress, or avoid reality. But usually, it able to change our unhealthy habits or stop using altogether. Addiction is when we can’t resist our self and this starts affecting our health. Not when it causes financial, emotional, and other problems for us or our loved ones. That urge to possess and consume drugs can fill up every minute of the day. Effect on Brain Judgment Decision making Memory Ability to learn Co-relation between problems: Recognizing a Drug and Alcohol Problem The Dangers of Drug and Alcohol Abuse Manana Maridashvili. Lifestyle factors 12  Cocaine and Alcohol Heroin and Alcohol Ecstasy and Alcohol Marijuana and Alcohol Painkillers and Alcohol Antidepressants and Alcohol Sleeping Pills and Alcohol Treating Drug and Alcohol Abuse Futures Aspects: The global alcoholic beverages market was valued at $1,439 billion in 2017, and is expected to reach $1,684 billion by 2025, registering a CAGR of 2.0% from 2018 to 2025 The growth of the global alcoholic beverages market is driven by increase in global young- adult demographic, surge in disposable income, and rise in consumer demand for premium/super premium products Add a footer HARMFUL HEALTH EFFECTS OF TOBACCO CONSUMPTION INTRODUCTION Tobacco use is the largest single preventable cause of illness and premature deaths. ¢ Tobacco use currently causes about 5 million deaths (9% of all deaths) annually. ¢ Approximately 1.6 million deaths are CVD-related. ¢ If current smoking patterns continue, by 2030 about 10 million deaths would be caused by tobacco use annually. Manana Maridashvili. Lifestyle factors 13  ¢ Tobacco use has been the leading cause of cancer death in men since 1955 and in women since 1986. FORMS OF TOBACCO CONSUMPTION Tobacco is consumed in many forms and through a number of different methods. They may include… ¢ o Smokeless Tobacco Chewing Tobacco Snuff Creamy Snuffs Dipping Tobaccos Gutka Snus ¢ o Burned Tobacco Cigarette Smoking Cigar Smoking Beedi (Bidi) smoking Kreteks Hookah SMOKELESS TOBACCO Recent research shows the dangers of smokeless tobacco may go beyond the mouth. Smokeless tobacco contains more nicotine than cigarettes. Nicotine is a highly addictive drug. Harmful health effects of smokeless tobacco include: Mouth, tongue, and throat cancer Cancer in the esophagus (the swallowing tube that goes from your mouth to your stomach) Manana Maridashvili. Lifestyle factors 14  Stomach cancer Pancreatic cancer Possible increase in risk of heart disease, heart attacks, and stroke Addiction to nicotine Leukoplakia (white sores in the mouth that can become cancer) Receding gums (gums slowly shrink from around the teeth) Bone loss around the roots of the teeth Abrasion (scratching and wearing down) of teeth Tooth loss Stained and discolored teeth Bad breath LEUKOPLAKIA ¢ Leukoplakia is a white patch in the mouth that can become cancer. ¢ They are usually painless. ¢ Many studies have shown high rates of leukoplakia at the place in the mouth where users place their chew or dip. ¢ One study found that nearly 3 of 4 of daily users of moist snuff and chewing tobacco had non- cancerous or pre-cancerous lesions (sores) in the mouth. ¢ The longer a person uses oral tobacco, the more likely they are to have leukoplakia Manana Maridashvili. Lifestyle factors 15  GUM DISEASES Tobacco Irritate or destroy gum tissue Receding gums, gum disease, tooth decay (from the high sugar content in the tobacco), and bone loss around the teeth Loosen teeth Tooth Loss HEART DISEASES Smokeless tobacco may also play a role in heart disease and high blood pressure. ¢ A large American Cancer Society study showed that men who switched from cigarettes to snuff or chewing tobacco had higher death rates from heart disease stroke, cancer of the mouth and lung, and all causes of death combined than former smokers. ¢ Studies in Sweden found that snuff (snus) users were more likely to die from their heart attacks than non-users. CANCERS Snuff and chewing tobacco Very high levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines, benzo[a]pyrene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Manana Maridashvili. Lifestyle factors 16 Cancer-causing agents (carcinogens) Cancers ¢ About 70 percent of deaths in smokeless tobacco users, are from oral cancer. ¢ Other cancers caused by tobacco include cancer of the pancreas, nasal cavity, urinary tract, esophagus, pharynx, larynx, intestines and the stomach. CHEWING TOBACCO Chewing tobacco is used by putting a wad of tobacco inside the cheek. Chewing tobacco and snuff contain 28 cancer-causing agents. Chewing tobacco is more addictive because it contains higher levels of addictive nicotine than cigarettes and can be harder to quit than cigarettes. The most common sign of possible cancer in smokeless tobacco users is leukoplakia, a white scaly patch or lesion inside the mouth or lips, common among many chewing tobacco users. Red sores are also a warning sign of cancer. Studies have found that 60 to 78 percent of chewing tobacco users have oral lesions. Those who mix snuff and chewing tobacco, are more likely to develop precancerous lesions than those who use only one type of chewing tobacco. Long-term snuff users have a 50 percent greater risk of developing oral cancer than non-users, and chewing tobacco users are more likely to become cigarette smokers. Chewing tobacco has been known to cause cancer, particularly of the mouth and throat. Smokeless tobacco is a major cause of oral cancer, pancreatic cancer, and esophageal cancer. SNUFF Snuff is a smokeless tobacco made from ground or pulverised tobacco leaves which is either sniffed through the nose or placed between the cheek and gum. ¢ The nicotine in snuff is absorbed through the mucus membrane. ¢ Scientists have known for more than a century that using snuff increases the risk of nasal and oral cancers. Manana Maridashvili. Lifestyle factors 17 DIPPING TOBACCOS Dipping tobacco, traditionally referred to as moist snuff, is a type of finely ground or shredded, moistened smokeless tobacco product. It is used by placing a lump or "dip" of tobacco between the lip and the gum. Nicotine is the main ingredient of concern in smokeless tobacco. It is estimated that a normal, 30-minute dip of smokeless tobacco delivers the same amount of nicotine as 3-4 cigarettes. Nicotine affects the brain and central nervous system and changes neurotransmitters levels regulating mood, learning, alertness, and ability to concentrate. Nicotine causes the release of endorphins, which provide a tranquilizing effect. Nicotine is considered more addictive. According to the American Cancer Society, chewing tobacco users are 50 times more likely than non-users to get cancers of the cheek, gums, and inner surface of the lips. Dipping tobacco can cause fatal oral cancers and tooth loss. SNUS ¢ Snus is originated in Sweden and Norway. ¢ Snus is packaged in small bags, similar to tea bags. ¢ Snus is typically placed under the upper lip. ¢ Each bag lasts around 30 to 45 minutes. ¢ Snus, is made of tobacco, salt, and sodium carbonate. ¢ The ground tobacco is mixed with water, salt, and an alkylizing agent (sodium carbonate) and aroma and is prepared through heating. ¢ Snus is linked to mouth sores, dental cavities, heart attack, stroke, and diabetes risk. ¢ Snus use causes 40% increased risk of death from cardiovascular disease and strokes. ¢ Snus users are twice likely to develop pancreatic cancer when compared to non-tobacco users. Manana Maridashvili. Lifestyle factors 18  BURNED (SMOKING) TOBACCO All forms of burned tobacco generate toxic a nd carcinogenic smoke. There are about 1.3 billion tobacco smokers worldwide a nd this number is still increasing. About 1 in 5 adults smoke. More men (nearly 24%) t h a n women (about 18%) sm oke. Smoking rates are higher among people with a lower education level. Tobacco smoke contains chemicals t h a t are harmful to both smokers a nd nonsmokers. Breathing even a little tobacco smoke can be harmful. Tobacco smoke contains about 4800 compounds. HEALTH RISKS OF TOBACCO SMOKING Atherosclerotic diseases of the heart and blood vessels: Cardiovascular disease (including myocardial infarction and sudden death) Cerebrovascular disease (Stroke) Peripheral vascular disease (Claudication, etc) ¢ Noncancerous lung diseases: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Asthma ¢ Cancers at many sites, including the lung, larynx, oral cavity, esophagus, bladder, kidney, pancreas, and uterine cervix. Manana Maridashvili. Lifestyle factors 19 ¢ Toxicity to the human reproductive system Reduced Fertility CIGARETTE SMOKING Cigarettes are uniform in size and contain less than 1 gram of tobacco each. Cigarette (Tobacco) smoke contains irritating, suffocating, dissolving, inflammable, toxic, poisonous, carcinogenic gases and substances and even radioactive compounds (nickel, polonium, plutonium, etc.). Some of these include benzopyrene, dibenzopyrene, benzene, isoprene, toluene (hydorcarbons); naphthylamines; nickel, polonium, plutonium, arsenic, cadmium (metallic constituents); carbon Manana Maridashvili. Lifestyle factors 20 dioxide, methane, ammonia, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulphide (gases); methyl alcohol, éthanol, glycerol or glycerine, glycol (alcohols and esters); acetaldehyde, acrolein, acetone (aldehydes and ketones); cyanhydric or prussic acid, carboxyl derivatives (acids); chrysene, pyrrolidine, nicoteine, nicotinine, nicoteline, nornicotine, nitrosamines (alkaloids or bases); cresol (phenols), etc. CIGAR SMOKING Cigar is a roll of tobacco wrapped in leaf tobacco or in any substance containing tobacco. Most cigars are made of a single type of air-cured HOOKAH SMOKING Hookahs are single- or multi-stemmed instruments for vaporizing and smoking flavored tobacco called shisha in which the vapor or smoke is passed through a water basin (often glass-based) before inhalation. Each hookah session typically lasts more than 40 minutes, and consists of 50 to 200 inhalations that each range from 0.15 to 0.50 liters of smoke. In an hour-long smoking session of hookah, users consume about 100 to 200 times the smoke of a single cigarette and in a 45-minute smoking session a typical smoker would inhale 1.7 times the nicotine of a single cigarette. The water moisture induced by the hookah makes the smoke less irritating and may give a false sense of security and reduce concerns about true health effects. Use of hookah can be as detrimental to a person's health as smoking cigarettes, and a study by the World Health Organization also confirmed these findings. Manana Maridashvili. Lifestyle factors 21 A study in the Journal of Periodontology found that water pipe smokers were five times more likely than non-smokers to show signs of gum disease. A study on hookah smoking and cancer in Pakistan, concluded that heavy hookah smoking (2–4 daily preparations; 3–8 sessions a day ; >2 hrs to ≤ 6 hours) substantially raises Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels. Hookah smokers were nearly 6-times at risk for development of lung cancer as compared to healthy non-smokers in Kashmir (India). Manana Maridashvili. Lifestyle factors 22