Lesson 3: Introduction to Social Studies Curricula PDF

CITY COLLEGE OF Lesson03_Prelim C ALAMBA Dalubhasaan ng Lungsod ng Calamba...

CITY COLLEGE OF Lesson03_Prelim C ALAMBA Dalubhasaan ng Lungsod ng Calamba 1 Lesson 3. Introduction to the Curricular Approach of Social Studies citizenship..." (Halvorsen, 2013, p. 85). On the other hand, Peter Novick stated that Social Studies was unable to completely replace history and it failed to create a coherent curriculum due to lack of support from Social studies were founded in the late 18th to early 19th century to enhance social welfare via authorities who think that the subject, when prioritized, may lead students to be radical and go against the education. Various intellectuals and scholars have shaped it. Rather than being categorized, "social government (Halvorsen, 2013). science" studies society's people. Social sciences study collective accomplishments and social interactions. They are institutionalized academic fields that create theoretical understandings of In this regard, Paul Robert Hanna developed the expanding communities approach. Other terms for complicated human connections. this approach include expanding environments and expanding/widening horizons. In this approach, the topics progress from the home, school, community, country, and so on. Hanna also thought that the right term for the subject is Social Education so that it will fit into citizenship education and will carry social Lesson Objectives: reconstructionism. Moreover, he said that the term Social Studies may denote memorization of facts At the end of this lesson, you will be able Vocabularies (Halvorsen, 2013). In addition, Hanna established himself as a realist who prefers to help students in solving to: ✓ National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS) social problems rather than a romantic who comforts students with the aid of encouraging stories of the Discuss the various curricular ✓ National Education Association (NEA) ✓ United States Office of Education (USOE) past. Thus, for him, Social Studies should be taught using situations that students encounter daily in an approaches in Social Studies; ✓ Social Science Education Consortium (SSEC) integrated manner. In this light, Hanna wrote textbooks such as the Everyday-Life Stories under the Scott, Create a graphic organizer based on ✓ Project SPAN (Social Science/Social Studies Education: Foresman partnership. However, he was criticized due to the shallow content, stereotypes, and traditional the various approaches in Social Priorities, Practices, and Needs) ✓ No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act approach to family life that were presented in his textbooks. Also, students craved for more exciting and Studies ; and extraordinary content in the textbooks (Halvorsen, 2013). Analyze the importance of expanding communities approach in Social Despite the criticisms, Hanna continued writing textbooks such as Without Machinery and Ten Studies. Communities for fourth graders. Hanna even campaigned for his expanding communities approach in different countries such as the Philippines and eventually became the main feature of their respective Social Getting Started: Studies curricula as affirmed by the study of Jared R. Stallones (as cited in Halvorsen, 2013). When the National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS) was created in 1921, it had birth pains on Due to the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, the Russians launched the first- establishing clear goals for Social Studies and on exercising leadership among its members (Halvorsen 2013). ever artificial satellite called Sputnik I into outer space on October 4, 1957 (Evans, 2004). This was considered The NCSS was under the National Education Association (NEA) and at the same time dependent on the an insult to the United States of America as a World Power and leader in technological advancements American Historical Association (AHA) in the United States. Edgar Dawson predicted that history might be (Hertzberg, 1971, Byford & Russell, 2007). Consequently, this event was viewed as an attack on American replaced by an unorganized subject, that is, Social Studies. However, Charles Beard contended that history schools' efficiency in providing education (Haas, 1977; Goetz, 1994). As a result, the federal government is still the most important among the social science disciplines as it binds them all (Halvorsen, 2013), showed support to education by providing funds for the implementation of various projects in different In the 1930s, as noted by Dawson, the NCSS became independent and started to take full control of learning areas (Hertzberg, 1981; Nelson & Drake, 1990). This was evident when the United States enacted Social Studies Education (Halvorsen, 2013). Also, the NCSS took charge of the journal of AHA titled The the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) of 1958 that appropriated funds for national curriculum Historical Outlook and renamed it as Social Education, which aims to address the problems inside the development projects (Madaus & Stufflebeam, 1984). Through the NDEA, "fullest development of the mental classroom (Halvorsen, 2013, p. 77). The NCSS became an advocate of the fusion curriculum, thereby resources and technical skills of American youth" can be ensured (Evans, 2004, p. 116). This resulted in the creating the scope and sequence method (Halvorsen, 2013). In this method, the content of the lessons will creation of educational reforms in various fields of specialization including Social Studies. One of these start from the known to the unknown. However, Edgar Wesley cautioned that students may already be reforms was the Intercultural Education Movement. It emphasized racial equality, tolerance for cultural familiar even with issues outside of their country. differences, and the common good. Another was the Detroit Citizenship Education Study. It highlighted citizenship education that is focused on current events and topics that have relevance for students Charles Cicero Barnes contended that social science should not be changed as social studies (Halvorsen, 2013). Other projects included Social Studies as Skills for Living and the New Social Studies because social science has wider scope (Halvorsen, 2013). However, the Grand Rapids Public Schools Movement. Under the New Social Studies Movement was the Man: A Course of Study (MACOS). It featured responded by saying that the "slogan of our social studies curricula might well be preparation for Jerome Bruner's "post-holing" approach in which one type of culture will be studied by students. However, SEDSS 101: FOUNDATION OF SOCIAL STUDIES Professor: SHEENAH MAY P. MANGGAO  CITY COLLEGE OF Lesson03_Prelim C ALAMBA Dalubhasaan ng Lungsod ng Calamba 2 this program was short-lived due to criticisms from conservative groups regarding its controversial content. recommended that students should be taught using social issues as it promotes critical thinking (Halvorsen, These controversial topics included a discussion of the sex life of Eskimos (Halvorsen, 2013). 2013). In the latter part of the 20th century, schools started to adopt standards or expectations for students. Examples of these include the America 2000 and the Goals 2000. However, there were no standards for In the course of the New Social Studies Movement, William W. Goetz, a high school teacher, Social Studies. Thus, the NCSS started to create standards for Social Studies, But it was noted that these implemented the United States Office of Education (USOE)-sponsored Social Studies project that was standards reflect constructivist ideas. On the other hand, the 1996 Michigan Curriculum Framework and the designed by college professors in the universities. However, he and the rest of the teachers in their school 2007 Michigan Grade Level Content Expectations employed the expanding communities approach found its framework to be restrictive, thus, they decided to modify its use. For instance, the material "A New (Halvorsen, 2013). History of the United States: An Inquiry Approach" only prescribes the use of primary sources in teaching history, In addition, the prescribed process of inquiry was intended to help students in analyzing a particular In 2001, the Goals 2000 was replaced by the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act that featured outcomes- topic or issue. Thus, Nelson and Drake (1990) concluded that teachers did not have proper in-service based education (Halvorsen, 2013). Under the NCLH. the Teaching American History (TAH) program was trainings about the inquiry approach being advocated by the New Social Studies Movement. Due to this, launched. This program provided funding or grants to schools to promote history as an independent subject teachers were confused on how to use this inquiry method of teaching. They would just refer to their own (Halvorsen, 2013). This implies that unlike History, Social Studies as a subject is not given due importance in assumptions or hearsay as bases. Likewise, another interviewee said that he had no idea how the author terms of funding. Meanwhile other alternative approaches to the expanding communities approach were intended them to be used. Thus, they ended up developing their own teaching styles. also introduced. Janet Alleman and Jere Brophy developed Cultural Universals which highlights "commonalities of people across time periods and cultures such as food and clothing in discussing topics In 1963, the Social Science Education Consortium (SSEC) was established and advocated the use of (Halvorsen, 2013, p. 172). Also, Margit McGuire developed Story Path which uses interesting stories to convey the term Social Science Education instead of Social Studies Education. They firmly believed that the ideas and concepts in the lesson (Halvorsen, 2013). In addition, Marilynne Boyle- Baise and Rahima Wade individual disciplines in the social sciences should be maintained (Halvorsen, 2013). As a response, Ronald advocated the use of Service Learning as students learn "through experience and by the reflection that W. Evans created the term "the newer social studies" which features contemporary issues such as women's accompanies that experience" (Halvorsen, 2013, p. 173). Moreover, Eric Donald Hirsch, Jr. created the Core rights and urbanization to distinguish it from the social sciences (Halvorsen, 2013, p. 144). Knowledge Curriculum that focused on past events that students are not yet aware of. Further, Marilyn This newer social studies applied various approaches. One of these was the issues-centered Kourilsky created a program that focused on Economics. She called it Mini-Society as students simulate education. This involved evaluating an issue or problem using different perspectives and then making an activities in the real world. Lastly, Rahima Wade developed an approach that is based on Paulo Freire's informed decision. Another was inquiry learning, which focused on the analysis of questions to come up Social Justice Education. This approach highlights concern for humanity and the environment and individual with sound answers. In addition, Hilda Taba developed an approach that revolved around key concepts respect and responsibility (Halvorsen, 2013). and encouraged organizing ideas and facts in an inductive manner. Meanwhile, Louis Raths, Merrill Harmin, Therefore, it is evident that there are many alternatives to the expanding environments approach. and Sidney Simon advocated the Values Education approach which emphasized making value. based However, even with criticisms toward it, there seems to be no deserving contender yet for the expanding decisions. Moreover, Charles Silberman recommended an open classroom/open education approach in environments approach up to this time. But it is interesting to note what John Jarolimek stated in 1981: "We doing student-centered projects which are usually done by a lot of students (Halvorsen, 2013). Furthermore, may anticipate a renaissance of interest in using social studies as the integrating center of the school ethnic studies and multicultural education approaches were also used. Ethnic diversity and equality curriculum" (as cited in Halvorsen, 2013, p. 179). became the trend as highlighted by the proponent of multicultural education, James A. Banks. Nevertheless, problems on student interest and time allotment still exist. And despite the many Curricular Approach of Social Studies ✓ expanding communities approach ✓ Intercultural Education Movement alternative approaches, the expanding communities approach still dominates the curriculum. Thus, Charles ✓ Detroit Citizenship Education Study ✓ post-holing approach Keller called for a revolution in the name of Social Studies (Halvorsen, 2013). Continued criticisms were hurled ✓ "the newer social studies ✓ issues-centered education against Social Studies. These criticisms were from Kieran Egan and Diane Ravitch. Kieran Egan said that the ✓ inquiry learning ✓ Values Education approach ✓ open classroom/open education approach ✓ ethnic studies expanding environments approach did not contain a sound theory in psychology, while Diane Ravitch ✓ Multicultural education approaches ✓ Cultural Universals contended that the expanding environments approach was not research-based, thus it should be ✓ Service Learning ✓ Core Knowledge Curriculum abandoned. As a response to these criticisms, various movements were created. One of these was the ✓ Mini-Society ✓ Social Justice Education Project SPAN (Social Science/Social Studies Education: Priorities, Practices, and Needs). Their report SEDSS 101: FOUNDATION OF SOCIAL STUDIES Professor: SHEENAH MAY P. MANGGAO