Pipes Lesson 6 PDF

Pipes Topic Content a. Materials used in f. Fastening of Pipes Manufacturing Pipe g. Valves b. Type of Pipe and Uses h. Types of Valves c. Pipe Joint i. Taps d. Fittings j. Types of Taps (Faucets) e. Types of Pipes Fittings k. Sani...

Pipes Topic Content a. Materials used in f. Fastening of Pipes Manufacturing Pipe g. Valves b. Type of Pipe and Uses h. Types of Valves c. Pipe Joint i. Taps d. Fittings j. Types of Taps (Faucets) e. Types of Pipes Fittings k. Sanitary Fittings Pipe ✓ a hollow cylinder of metal, wood, or other material, used for the conveyance of water, gas, steam, petroleum, etc. Materials used in Manufacturing Pipe ✓ Material with which a pipe is manufactured often forms as the basis for choosing any pipe. ✓ Materials that are used for manufacturing pipes include: a. Carbon Steel (CS) b. Low Temperature Service Carbon Steel (LTCS) c. Stainless Steel (SS) d. Copper (Cu) e. Non-ferrous Metals (Nickel etc.) f. Nonmetallic (ABS, PVC, HDPE, tempered glass, etc.) g. Chrome-molybdenum steel (Alloy steel) — generally used for high temperature service. Type of Pipe and Uses a. Water Supply Pipes h. Rigid (Un-Plasticized) Pipe b. Galvanized Iron (Wrought Iron, Steel i. Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride and Tubes) j. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride c. Copper Pipes (CPVC) Pipe d. Plastic Pipe k. Green Polypropylene Random e. Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Copolymer (PPRC) Pipe Pipe l. Composite Pipe f. High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) m. Pipes used for Building Drainage Pipe n. Cast-Iron Socket and Spigot Pipes g. Polyethylene Pipe o. Cement Pipe a. Water Supply Pipes ✓ All pipes run under pressure and mostly embedded in floors /walls or fixed on walls. ✓ Therefore one has to be very careful in selection of pipes as it should not become a permanent source of leakage. ✓ For water supply pipes material used is galvanized iron, copper stainless steel, rigid PVC, UPVC, CPVC, PPRC, KITEC, UNIPIPE. b. Galvanized Iron ✓ Pipes and tubes are manufactured for various purposes like conveying water, gas, sewerage or steam, and other precision use. ✓ The pipes are generally available in the range of 15-mm to 150mm nominal bore. ✓ Higher sizes up to 250-mm can be manufactured to order. ✓ They are tested for working pressures of 21 kg/cm² and a temperature 390ºC. ✓ It is common to find the G.I. pipes in the market in lengths of 6 meters each. ✓ GI pipes are prone to corrosion. ✓ Corrosion in pipes reduces the bore diameter and subsequent water flow in the pipe and shortens its lifespan. ✓ GI pipes usually gives service for not more than 20 years c. Copper Pipes ✓ Copper pipes are easier to assemble because in its popular form, it does not require threading. ✓ There are three types of copper water pipes of plumbing tube X, Y and Z. ✓ The tube sizes its thickness and temper is normally governed by service requirement and conditions upon the type and outside diameter. ✓ The outside diameter of the copper plumbing tubes ranges between 6 to 154mm. ✓ Copper tubes do not rust and do not require painting, which saves cost. ✓ In case of hot water pipes, it avoids and unpleasant smell of warm paint. ✓ The very smooth surface offers a very low frictional resistance to flow of water. ✓ The joints commonly used in plumbing are compression and capillary joints. d. Plastic Pipes ✓ Now day‘s plastic pipes are becoming more and more common, due to their Properties of corrosion resistance, lightweight and economy. ✓ The plastic materials have their own merits, and therefore the plastic pipes have limitation and advantages for particular applications under condition of use. ✓ Following types of plastic pipes are available in the market. e. Low Density Polyethylene Pipe ✓ Pipes are flexible and this material is used up to 63mm diameter pipes. ✓ The pipes are recommended for use in long runs for point-to – point conveyance of water. ✓ The LDPE pipes require supports at closer intervals for horizontal and vertical runs due to flexibility. ✓ These pipes are not suitable for installation of the internal water supply system. f. High Density Polyethylene Pipe ✓ Pipes are tougher compared to LDPE pipes. ✓ Pipes up to 1600-mm DIA are manufactured but in India pipes from 16mm to 700 mm diameter are available. ✓ These pipes are small diameter. ✓ These are not commonly used due to practical difficulties at site by joining and taking out various connections. ✓ These pipes, in large diameter, for conveyance of water/effluents or long run form point have been found very suitable. h. Polyethylene Pipes ✓ These pipes are normally available in black color. ✓ These pipes are resistant to most chemicals, except nitric acid, very strong acids, and oils and certain solvents particularly chlorinated ones. ✓ There is a phenomenon called environmental stress cracking which means that if polyethylene is stressed at normal temperature and comes into contact with certain material then it will crack and eventually fall. ✓ These materials include detergents organic acids, esters, aldehydes, ketones, amides, Nitro-compounds, and alcohols. i. Rigid (Un-Plasticized) ✓ Pipes are generally available in the following color shades; white/cream, light to dark, black and green. ✓ Generally rigid polyvinyl chloride pipes are resistant to most inorganic acid, alkaline and salts, as well as many organic chemicals. ✓ It is quite resistant to most effluents, salt water and plating solution corrosive fumes. ✓ This material is also safe with potable water, whether hard or soft with hard water, it tends to retard the formation of scale. ✓ However concentrated oxidizing acids, esters, ketones, aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, Organic compounds, oregano- amino compounds, Lacquer solvents and acetic anhydride do attack the rigid polyvinyl materials, and should be protected from them. j. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC) Pipe ✓ These pipes are made from specialty thermoplastics known chemically as post- chlorinated polyvinyl chloride-CPVC. ✓ These pipes are useful for hot and cold- water distribution. ✓ Pipes can withstand temperature up to 93°c without insulation. ✓ CPVC pipes do not support combustion, increasing the fire safety of the buildings. ✓ These pipes are joined by solvent cement. Pipe are available in sizes from 15-mm to 50 mm. k. Green Polypropylene Random Copolymer (PPRC) Pipes ✓ These pipes are green in color and are made of polypropylene random copolymer. ✓ These pipes are reliable for hot and cold water supply. Pipes are available in sizes from 20-mm to 63-mm DIA. ✓ Pipes are jointed with poly fusion welding or the electro-fusion couplers. ✓ The threaded joints are done by using the PP-R fittings having a metal insert in the fittings for proper jointing. ✓ The pipes are designed to last for 50 years at a pressure of 10-kg/cm² and temperature of 60°c with a safety factor as 1.50. ✓ These pipes can be exposed to solar application. ✓ The pipes can be used for compressed air system. ✓ The pipes can be subject to high flow speeds up to 7m/seconds for all liquid with a pH between1 to 14. l. Composite Pipe ✓ The composite pipes are made from different materials. ✓ These days‘ aluminum and copper pipes with polyethylene coating. m. Pipes Used For Building Drainage ✓ The building drainage or wastewater piping starts from the floors in a bathroom or toilet. ✓ These pipes are normally non- pressure type with perfect joints so that there is no chance for leakages. ✓ Cast-iron and PVC pipes are preferred for this purpose n. Cast-Iron Socket and Spigot Pipes ✓ The cast iron pipes are normally used for above ground drainage works. ✓ The pipes and fittings should be free from all defects like warping, shrinkage etc. ✓ The pipes can be either rubber jointed or cement jointed. ✓ In case of rubber joints, the spigot ends should be chamfered for smoother entry of the pipe in the socket fitted with the rubber gasket. ✓ The pipes are coated after making clean dry and free from rust with tar or similar base. ✓ It should be done both internally and externally. o. Cement Pipe ✓ Cement concrete pipes with spigot and socket or collar joints may be used for diameter above 150-mm. ✓ These pipes may be used for surface drains in all diameters. ✓ The life of cement may increase by providing lining inside the concrete pipes of suitable coatings like epoxy/polyester, resin etc. ✓ The collar is placed symmetrically over the end of two pipes and the annular space between the inside of the collar and the outside of the pipe should be filled with cement mortar 1:2. ✓ The joints should be finished off with a fillet sloping at 45 ºc to the surface of the pipe. Pipe Joint The connection between two pipes either of the same material or different material is made in different ways either fittings, solvent capillary joints or compression joints are used. 1. For Galvanized Iron (G. I) pipes mostly various fittings such as union, elbow, tee extension etc. are used. 2. For Copper pipes compression joints and capillary joints are used. 3. For PVC pipes spigot and socket joints are generally used for all poly vinyl chloride pipes up to 150mm diameter. Fittings ✓ Fittings are used not only join the pipes together, but turn corners, branch out in several directions. ✓ Even enlarge or diminish the size of the pipe, all in accordance with the specific needs and conditions of the building. Types of Pipes Fittings a. Coupling k. Sweep Elbow b. Elbow l. Closet Flange c. Union m. Clean-outs d. Reducer n. Trap Primers e. Tee o. Combination Tee f. Cross Fittings p. Sanitary Tee g. Cup q. Double Sanitary Tee h. Plug r. Wye “Y” i. Nipple s. Double-tapped bushing j. Barb a. Coupling ✓ Coupling connects two pipes to each other. ✓ If the size of the pipe is not the same, the fitting may be called a reducing coupling or reducer, or an adapter. b. Elbow ✓ The elbow is a pipe fitting installed between two lengths of pipe or tubing to allow a change of direction; usually a 90° or 45° angle though 22.5° elbows are also made. ✓ The ends may be machined for butt welding threaded (usually female), or socketed, etc. ✓ When the two ends differ in size, the fitting is called a reducing elbow or reducer elbow. c. Union ✓ The union is similar to a coupling, except it is designed to allow quick and convenient disconnection of pipes for maintenance or fixture replacement. d. Reducer ✓ Reducer allows for a change in pipe size to meet hydraulic flow requirements of the system, or to adapt to existing piping of a different size e. Tee ✓ The tee is the most common pipe fitting. ✓ It is available with all female thread sockets, all solvent weld sockets, or with opposing solvent weld sockets and a side outlet with female threads. f. Cross Fittings ✓ Cross fittings are also called 4-way fittings. ✓ If a branch line passes completely through a tee, the fitting becomes a cross. ✓ A cross has one inlet and three outlets, or vice versa. ✓ They often have solvent welded socket ends or female threaded ends. g. Cup ✓ Cap is a type of pipe fitting, usually liquid or gas tight, which covers the end of a pipe. ✓ A cap is used like a plug. h. Plug ✓ Plug closes off the end of a pipe. ✓ It is similar to a cap but it fits inside the fitting it is mated. i. Nipple ✓ The nipple is defined as a short stub of pipe which has external male pipe threads at each end for connecting to other fittings. j. Barb ✓ Barb is used to connect flexible hoses to pipes. ✓ Barb fittings are parts that insert directly into the tubing or hose, and are commonly clamped ensure a tight fit. ✓ They are easy to connect and assemble, and have the benefit of not being permanent, so that may be disassembled for maintenance and replacement. k. Sweep Elbow ✓ Sweep elbow is usually long radius or sweep types, to reduce flow resistance and solids deposition when the direction of flow is changed. l. Closet Flange ✓Closet flange is the drain pipe flange to which a water closet (toilet) is attached. ✓It is a specialized type of flange connection designed to sit flush with the floor. m. Clean-outs ✓ Clean-outs are fittings with removable elements that allow access to drain without requiring removal of plumbing fixtures n. Trap Primers ✓ Trap primers regularly inject water into traps so that "water seals" are maintained, which is necessary to keep sewer gases out of buildings o. Combination Tee ✓ Combination tee is a tee with a gradually curving center connecting joint. ✓ It is used in drain systems to provide a smooth, gradually curving path to reduce clogging. p. Sanitary Tee ✓Sanitary tee is a tee with a curved center section designed to minimize the possibility of siphon action that could draw water out of a trap. q. Double Sanitary Tee ✓ Double Sanitary tee differs from a standard cross in which two of the ports have curved inlets. This fitting has been used in the past for connecting the drains of back- to-back fixtures. r. Wye “Y” ✓ Y‘ shaped fitting which allows one pipe to be joined to another at a 45 degree angle. s. Double-tapped bushing ✓ Double-tapped bushing is a fitting that has opposing threads on the inside diameter of the bushing. Fastening of Pipes a. Fastener b. Threaded Pipe c. Solvent d. Welding e. Brazing f. Compression Fittings g. Flared Connections h. Flanges a. Solvent ✓ The solvent is applied to PVC, CPVC, ABS, or other plastic piping to partially dissolve and fuse the adjacent surfaces of piping and fitting. ✓ To make a Solder connection, a chemical flux is applied to the inner sleeve of a sleeve type joint and the pipe is inserted b. Welding ✓ Welding is a fabrication that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coal essence. c. Fastener ✓ The fastener is a hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together. d. Threaded Pipe ✓ Threaded pipe is a pipe with a screw thread at one or both ends for assembly. ✓ Steel pipe is often joined using threaded connections e. Brazing ✓ Brazing is a thermal joining process in which the two pieces of the base metal are joined when a molten brazing filler metal is allowed to be drawn into a capillary gap between them. f. Compression Fittings ✓ Compression fittings consist of a tapered concave conical seat, a hollow barrel-shaped compression ring, and a compression nut which is threaded onto the body of the fitting and tightened to make a leak proof connection. e. Flared Connections ✓ Flared connections should not be confused with compression connectors, with which they are generally not interchangeable. ✓ Flared connectors lack a compression ring, but do use a threaded nut. f. Flanges ✓ Flanges are generally used when there is a connection to valves, in- line instruments and/or connected to equipment nozzles is required Valve ✓ A valve is a device that regulates the flow of substance by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. ✓ Functions of valves are such as: a. Control of the water system b. Start or shut down a system c. Regulate pressure d. Check backflow e. Control the direction of water Types of Valves 1. Gate Valve 2. Ball Valve 3. Butterfly Valves 4. Check (Non-Return) Valve 5. Globe Valve 6. Flush Valve 7. Pressure Regulating Valve 1. Gate Valve ✓ A gate valve is generally used to completely shut off fluid flow or, in the fully open position, provide full flow in a pipeline. ✓ It is used either in the fully closed or fully open positions. ✓ A gate valve consists of a valve body, seat and disc, a spindle, gland, and a wheel for operating the valve. 2. Ball Valve ✓ Ball Valves, as the name implies, have a ball with a hole drilled through the center swivel mounted within the valve body. ✓ When the hole in the ball is orientated in the same direction as the pipe, this will result in full flow rate. ✓ As the hole in the ball is oriented away from the direction of the pipe, the flow rate will be restricted and finally cut off completely when the hole is oriented at 90 degrees to the pipe direction. ✓ Note that the hole in the ball is a lesser diameter than the nominal bore of the pipe. 3. Butterfly Valves ✓ Butterfly valves use a similar principle to ball valves. However, instead of a ball mounted in the valve body a circular disc (called a butterfly because the two half circles around the vertical shaft appear like wings). ✓ The butterfly valves is oriented away from the direction of the pipe, the flow rate will be restricted by the increased area of obstruction to the fluid and finally cut off completely when the butterfly is oriented at 90 degrees to the pipe direction. 4. Check (Non-Return) Valve ✓ Check valves or non-return valves are designed to ensure one way flow only. ✓ Usually used in water pipework systems and installed immediately after the pump. ✓ The most common check valve is the disc type (horizontal or vertical). ✓ When flow is sufficient the disc is pushed out. ✓ When flow reduces (or reverses if the pump fails) then the disc falls back into a seat blocking the flow. ✓ High operation speed of check valve prevents water hammer effect. 5. Globe Valve ✓ These are widely used in most piping for controlling air, steam and water. ✓ The globe shaped body of the valve has a partition in it. ✓ This partition closes off the inlet side of the valve from the outlet side, except for a circular opening. ✓ The globe shaped body controls the fluid into a S-shaped flow. ✓ The upper side of the opening is ground smooth. ✓ Rubber disc or washer attached to the end of the stem presses down against the smooth opening when the handle is turned clockwise. ✓ This closes the valve and stops the flow. Advantages of globe valve are: ✓ Critical parts like washer, seat, and package can be replaced. ✓ The valve permits rather accurate control of the flow of water. ✓ Valve can be used repeatedly without becoming worm beyond repair. Disadvantages are: ✓ It partially obstructs flow even when fully open ✓ It becomes impossible to completely drain the water line. ✓ It is not suitable for the large sizes as the more power is required to open and close the valve. 6. Flush Valve ✓ Water closet or urinal fitted with flush valve has no need for storage tank. ✓ The water flows, under pressure, directly into the fixture. ✓ Fixture is flushed with a scouring action. ✓ Generally this dose a better job of cleaning them by gravity flow from a storage tank. ✓ There is an added advantage in direct connection to the water supply piping. ✓ The fixture can be flushed again and again without waiting for storage tank to refill. ✓ These two advantages make the flush valve very popular in commercial installations. 7. Pressure Regulating Valve ✓ A water pressure regulator is a plumbing valve that reduces the water pressure coming from the main water line into the house. ✓ This valve brings down the pressure to a safe level before the water reaches any plumbing fixtures inside the home. ✓ Too much water pressure will cause many plumbing problems for the average homeowner so it is very important to keep the water pressure under control. ✓ A water pressure regulator, is usually located where the main water line comes into the house and after the main shut off valve. ✓ This way if you need to work on or change the water pressure regulator you can simply shut off the water main to do so. ✓ An adjustable spring loaded diaphragm inside a water pressure regulator reduces the pressure of the water in the line within the valve body. ✓ Water coming into the valve is constricted and then released at a reduced pressure. Taps ✓ Also known as Faucets ✓ Taps can be categorized as being washer less faucet or of compression type. Types of Taps (Faucets) 1. Pillar Taps 2. Bib Tap and Stop Valve 3. Shower Rose 4. Aerated Faucets 1. Pillar Taps ✓ The pillar tap is draw off tap with a vertical inlet and up-tilted or a horizontal free outlet. ✓ The pillar taps are made of cast brass and are nickel chromium plated. ✓ The taps must be free from laps, blowholes and pitting. ✓ The gland or shifting box is packed with suitable asbestos-cement or other equally efficient packing material suitable for cold and hot water. ✓ The stud is provided with a nut. ✓ The pillar taps are manufactured to withstand an internal pressure of 2-MPa maintained for a period of two minutes. During this period they should neither leak nor sweat. ✓ The pillar taps are generally available in 15mm and 20 mm diameter size. 2. Bib Tap and Stop Valve ✓ A bib-tap is a draw off tap with a horizontal inlet and free outlet and available in sizes from10mm to 25mm. ✓ A stop valve is a valve with suitable in all sizes up to 50mm. Screw down bib-tap or stop valve. ✓ A bib taps or stop valve closed by means of a disc carrying a renewable non-metallic washer which shuts against the water pressure on a seating at right angles to the axis of the threaded spindle which operates it. ✓ Stop valves have generally both external and internal threads. 3. Shower Rose ✓ Shower rose is used for obtaining spray of water from pipe connection for bathing purpose in bathrooms. ✓ The shower is made of metal and plastic etc. ✓ Shower rose is manufactured in round or octagonal shape. ✓ It is of generally of 100-mm diameter with 15-mm DIA inlet. Shower rose has generally 145 holes each of 1.2mm diameter. ✓ The shower rose should be placed uniform and when fixed at 2.10m from the floor and the floor and operated at 3-m pressure should wet an area of 450-mm on the floor. 4. Aerated Faucets ✓ This type of faucet aspirates air into the stream of water discharging from the nozzle. ✓ This admission of air into the tap increases the diameter of the stream, decreases the velocity and diminishes the splashing of water. ✓ This gives pleasant feel when used for washing hands. Sanitary Fittings ✓ The sanitary fixtures or appliances can broadly be classified as –soil fixtures and ablution fixtures. ✓ The fixtures which are used to receive night soil, urinal or any other obnoxious waste, are called soil fixtures e.g. water closet, urinals and slope sinks. ✓ The sanitary fixtures are generally made of vitreous china, enameled cast iron, fiberglass and stainless steel. ✓ The fixtures which are used for cleaning purpose are called ablution fixtures and these include hand washbasins, sinks, bathtubs, bidets, flushing cisterns and drinking fountains. Thank you