Plumbing Materials PDF

ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 Engr. Kristine Joy A. Caalam, RMP PLUMBING MATERIALS The materials to be used in drainage or pl...

ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 Engr. Kristine Joy A. Caalam, RMP PLUMBING MATERIALS The materials to be used in drainage or plumbing systems shall be free of defects which could impair service or result to unsanitary conditions. Hence, the shapes, sizes, qualities of the different kinds of pipes, fittings, valves & controls should be taken into consideration to provide the suitable kind of material for a particular plumbing system. I. PIPES A. Cast Iron Soil Pipe (CISP) This is known technically as Gray Cast Iron Pipe; it is a pipe fabricated from an alloy containing carbon and silicon. Manufactured in two (2) classifications: Service (Standard) weight - generally used for building installations Extra heavy weight - extra duty for underground installations. Most popular and generally specified material for drainage installation. Extensively used in the 60s and 70s. Commercial length: 5' to 10' Diameters: 50-150mm Affected to some extent by corrosion by acid formed by carbon 4 Varieties of Cast Iron Pipe (Standard Pipe, Double Hub Pipe, Single Hub Pipe and Hubless Pipe)  ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 Engr. Kristine Joy A. Caalam, RMP B. Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe Made of an alloy of cast iron and silicon Installed in chemical laboratories, industries and other installations where acid wastes are being discharged Brittle and cracks easily, thus horizontal runs have to be Supported at every 1.50-meter interval to prevent sagging C. Asbestos Cement Pipe Made of an asbestos fiber and Portland cement Used as soil, waste, ventilation pipe & downspouts Suited for concrete embedment because of similar properties D. Galvanized Steel Pipe Is made of mild steel that is drawn through a die and welded. Easily corroded by Alkaline and Acid water Two (2) types of Galvanized steel pipes: Welded Pipe – made by drawing flat strip of steel through die to form the round shape and then electric butt welded down the seam. Seamless Pipe – made by piercing red hot solid, cylindrical billet of steel with series of mandrels while passing the metal through rollers. E. Vitrified Clay Pipe Commonly used for storm as well as sanitary sewer installations Made of clay to which water has been added and cast into lengths of 2 feet 6 inches. Resistant to most acids and is well fitted for underground work.  ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 Engr. Kristine Joy A. Caalam, RMP F. Lead Pipe Is made from 99.7% pig lead; various alloys are available for special applications Used for connections to floor mounted water closet, radioactive wastes, and for special laboratory corrosive wastes. Rarely used in modern plumbing system since medical findings showed that the use of this material has harmful effects to human. G. Copper Tubes Used in water supply system for hot and cold, sanitary (drainage, waste and vent) systems A seamless tube made from almost pure copper (99.9% and is available only in drawn, soft form with plain ends. Joints for this pipe can be either soldered or brazed. Outside dimension is always 1/8 inch bigger than the given size. Copper tubes are manufactured in rigid (hard temper) and are available in lengths by the foot in straight lengths and other type is flexible (soft temper) which is manufactured in lengths ranging from 30 to 60 feet in coil form. Types of Copper Tube and its application a. Type K (green) — heaviest, used in municipal residential application. b. Type L (blue) — lighter than type K, used in residential water lines. c. Type M (red) — hard (20' lengths). Recommended for light domestic water lines and is not permitted in some city codes. d. Type DWV (yellow) — rigid only (20' lengths) in drawn, soft form, plain ends. Available in diameters from 2" — 6". Lightweight and easy to assemble but is prone to corrosive attack by ordinary sewage, poor fire resistance and needs dielectric union to eliminate galvanic corrosion.  ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 Engr. Kristine Joy A. Caalam, RMP e. Type ACR (Air conditioning and refrigeration) — 50' coils and rigid lengths. Most refrigeration copper has moisture removed and ends sealed for better performance of refrigerants. 244 ce7s-1". H. Brass Pipes Manufactured from an alloy containing 85% and 15% zinc. Most expensive Joints can be either screwed or soldered. Resistant to acids and has a smooth interior surface I. Plastic or Synthetic Pipe Suitable for drainage and vents as well as for water supply systems — hot and cold application. Manufactured in two general types: Thermoset (TS) — epoxy and phenolic, not affected by heat and will remain permanently rigid. More resistant to solvents than thermoplastic. Thermoplastic (TP) — softens when subjected to heat and rehardens upon removal of heat. Advantages include: excellent resistance to a very wide variety of sanitary and chemical effluents, resistance to aggressive soils, availability in long lengths, low resistance to fluid flow and low initial cost. Disadvantages: poor structural stability, susceptibility of some plastic to physical damage upon exposure to sunlight, poor fire resistance and low- pressure ratings at elevated temperature. II. PIPE FITTINGS Pipe Fitting is a device used to connect one or more pipes and/or used to change the direction of a straight run pipe. The Plumbing Code requires that any change of direction of piping in a drainage system should have a radius of curvature large enough to prevent solids from accumulating and to provide good hydraulic flow. A. Bends (sweep) Is a fitting used to change direction especially used on sanitary drainage system. A 1/4 bend is a 90° angle fitting available either in short sweep (short curvature) or long sweep (long curvature). B. Return Bend Elbow A pipe fitting which provides 180° change in direction C. Elbow Is a fitting have a 90° change in direction with a very short radius. Suitable for use in water supply and vent system D. Street/Service A malleable iron fitting for threaded pipe having a 45° or 90° bend with an outside thread on one and inside thread on the other.  ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 Engr. Kristine Joy A. Caalam, RMP E. Wye/Wye Branch A fitting used to connect a branch pipe into a straight run of piping at 45° angle. F. Combination Wye Branch A single fitting which is a combination of a wye branch and a 1/8 bend; used in drainage system in changing direction such as horizontal branch to vertical (stack) G. Upright Wye Combination A one-piece fitting composed of 1/8 bend and wye branch where the branch inlet is parallel to the drum. This is used when two stacks are provided where one stack is used as a vent and the other for soil or waste or both soil or waste stack. H. Tee Is a fitting used to connect a branch pipe into straight run of piping at right angles. Note: In drainage system where flow characteristic is important, the code requires use of sanitary tee. On the other hand, where flow is not a consideration, such as water supply and vent system, standard tees can be used. I. Street Tee/Service Tee A malleable iron fitting for threaded pipe in the form of a tee having outside thread on one and inside thread on the other branch. J. Sanitary Tee A tee used as fitting for a soil pipe which is designed with a slight curve in the 90° transition so as to channel flow from a branch line toward the direction of the main flow. K. Sanitary Cross Tee A type of cross pipe used as fitting, designed with a slight curve in each of the 90° transitions so as to channel flow from branch lines toward the direction of the main flow. L. Tapped Tee A bell-end tee, which has a branch that is tapped to receive a threaded pipe or fitting. M. Coupling Is a short internally threaded section of pipe, used to join two pipes. N. Socket It has similar application with the coupling but its ends are enlarged to provide additional mechanical strength  ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 Engr. Kristine Joy A. Caalam, RMP O. Adapter A type of fitting to Connect different Pipe materials such as galvanized galvanized pipe to plastic pipe in which galvanized pipe is being threaded and plastic having no threads; a type of transition fitting. P. Nipple A short length of pipe with external threads at each end, used to join couplings or fittings. May be categorized to: a. Close Nipple - a type of nipple with the entire length externally threaded b. Open/Shoulder Nipple -a type of nipple having both ends externally threaded and the mid-section unthreaded Q. Cap An internally threaded fitting used to close the end of a pipe. R. Plug An externally threaded usually with square head; used to close the end of a pipe. S. Bushing A pipe fitting which is threaded on both the inside and the outside so that it can be used to connect two pipes of different sizes (diameters). T. Union Patente A pipe fitting, used to connect the ends of two pipes, neither of which can be turned; consists of three pieces, the two end pieces (having inner threads) which are tightened around the pipe ends to be joined, and a center piece which draws the two end pieces together as it is rotated affecting a seal. U. Bend Offset A change in the direction of a pipe line (other than 90°) e.g. by a combination of elbows or bends, which brings one section of the pipe out of line with but into a line parallel to another section. V. Reducer A pipe fitting with inside threads, larger at one end than at the other. W. Increaser A tapered coupling used for jointing a pipe to another of larger size (diameter)  ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 Engr. Kristine Joy A. Caalam, RMP  ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 Engr. Kristine Joy A. Caalam, RMP