Lesson 1: The Creation of Elements PDF

Home Photo About Us Contact LESSON 1 THE CREATION OF THE ELEMENTS AND THE RELATIONSHIP TO COSMIC EVENTS IN THE UNIVERSE RONALD M. ERMINO, JR. SUBJECT TEACHER Page | 01  Home Photo About...

Home Photo About Us Contact LESSON 1 THE CREATION OF THE ELEMENTS AND THE RELATIONSHIP TO COSMIC EVENTS IN THE UNIVERSE RONALD M. ERMINO, JR. SUBJECT TEACHER Page | 01  Home Photo About Us Contact LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson, the learners are able to: 1.Give evidence for and describe the formation of heavier elements during star formation and evolution; and 2.Explain how the concept of atomic number led to the synthesis of new elements in the laboratory. Page | 02  Home Photo About Us Contact INTRODUCTION Where does the elements came from? How does these elements change through time? And, what is the relationship of Big bang theory to the formation of the early elements on the outer space. In this lesson, we are going to try to answer these questions. Page | 03 Wardiere Inc. Home Photo About Us Contact The Big Bang Theory is the accepted scientific theory about the origin of the universe based upon multiple THE lines of evidence. BIGBANG The “Big Bang” was a phenomenally energetic explosion that initiated the expansion of the universe. THEORY All matter and energy were compressed at a single point (singularity) at the time of the explosion. We do not know what was before. The age of the universe is calculated at 13.8 billion years (based on multiple methods of age dating based on empirical data.) Page | 04 Wardiere Inc. Home Photo About Us Contact Page | 05 Wardiere Inc. Home Photo About Us Contact The Big Bang (1931) was first proposed by a Belgian cosmologist THE and priest named George LeMaitre BIGBANG based on theoretical calculations and astronomical measurements of THEORY distant galaxies that demonstrated that the universe is expanding. Page | 06 Wardiere Inc. Home Photo About Us Contact GEORGES LEMAÎTRE (July 17, 1894 — June 20, 1966) was a Belgian astronomer and cosmologist who formulated the modern big-bang theory, which holds that the universe began in a cataclysmic explosion of a small, primeval “super- GEORGE LEMAITRE atom.” Page | 07  Home Photo About Us Contact SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE FOR THE BIG BANG THEORY THE COSMIC ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES OF HYDROGEN 01 AND HELIUM AND BIG BANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS (ALPHER AND GAMMOW, 1948) Hydrogen (74%) and Helium (24%) are the most 02 abundant elements in the universe. Big Bang nucleosynthesis calculations accurately predict the present cosmic abundances of hydrogen and helium. Stellar nucleosynthesis alone cannot account for the 03 large amount of He. (can only account for about 2%) Page | 08 Wardiere Inc. Home Photo About Us Contact PROPONENTS COSMIC ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES OF HYDROGEN AND HELIUM AND BIG BANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS GEORGE GAMOW RALPH ALPHER Page | 09  Wardiere Inc. Home Photo About Us Contact Within the first second after the explosion, subatomic particles such as protons, neutrons, and electrons THE BIGBANG were formed. As the expanding NUCLEOSYNTHESIS universe cooled, the protons and neutrons started to fuse (combine) to form heavier nuclei of deuterium (an isotope of hydrogen with one neutron and one proton), and some into helium. Wardiere Inc. Home Photo About Us Contact ISOTOPES are atoms of an element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Wardiere Inc. Home Photo About Us Contact NUCLEOSYNTHESIS Wardiere Inc. Home Photo About Us Contact BIGBANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS Subsequent nuclear fusion reactions, in which two atomic nuclei join to form a new type of nuclei, resulted in the production of other light elements and their isotopes. Astronomers believe that a few minutes after the big bang, the universe was composed of approximately 75% (by mass) hydrogen, 25 % helium (primarily 4/2He), and trace amounts of lithium. The processes through which these light elements formed generally called big bang nucleosynthesis. Wardiere Inc. Home Photo About Us Contact STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS The universe continuously expanded for several years and the cloud of hydrogen and helium gases condensed to form stars, including the sun. Over millions of years, the stars made of hydrogen became hotter and denser. During this stellar evolution, nuclear reactions continued, which produced elements of heavier than lithium. The light elements combined to form atoms of carbon, neon, oxygen, silicon, and iron. Wardiere Inc. Home Photo About Us Contact STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS Starting from a small, young and yellow star, successive nuclear reactions occurred until it became a giant red star. The reactions involved the formation of each new element happened in regions or layers so called fusion shells. As more elements were produced, new layers added up to the size of the star until it became a red giant. Stars are described to have an “onion skin structure” as they evolved and produced new elements Wardiere Inc. Home Photo About Us Contact ONION STAR STRUCTURE Wardiere Inc. Home Photo About Us Contact EVALUATION: Directions: Answer the statement below. 1.What is an isotope? 2.How are you going to determine an isotope? 3.What is nucleosynthesis? 4.Give at least 5 examples of different Isotopes. Wardiere Inc. Home Photo About Us Contact THANK YOU