Big Bang Theory and Light Element Formation - PDF

PHYSICAL SCIENCE THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS  THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS Lesson Objectives At the end of this lesson, students should be able to: 1. ==  THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT...

PHYSICAL SCIENCE THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS  THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS Lesson Objectives At the end of this lesson, students should be able to: 1. ==  THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS Activity: Let Us Recall What is an atom? What makes up an atom?  THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS Activity: Let Us Recall What is an atom? What makes up an atom?  THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS The atom is the basic unit of matter. What makes up an atom? The atom consists mainly of three subatomic particles: positively- charged protons and uncharged neutrons, both of which are found in the nucleus; and the electron, which resides in orbitals outside the nucleus.  THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS What are atomic and mass numbers? How can you count the number of protons and neutrons in an atom given both atomic and mass numbers?  THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS The atomic number (denoted as Z ) corresponds to the number of protons in the atom. The mass number (represented by A) refers to the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. The sum of protons (p) and neutrons (n) is equal to the mass number. To determine the number of neutrons, recall that Therefore,  THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS Activity: Stable Isotopes Instruction: Count the number of protons and neutrons in an atom given the element’s name, the atomic number, or the mass number.  THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS  TERMS AND REVIEWS 1. Big Bang 2. redshift 3. cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) 4. Nucleosynthesis (p+n =nuclei) 5. Recombination (nuclei + electron) 6. Light elements 7. Isotope  THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS Cosmology is the body of science that studies the origin, evolution and eventual fate of the universe. Religious or mythological cosmology explains the origin of universe and life based on religious beliefs of a specific tradition. Physical cosmology explains the origin of universe based on scientific insights, studies and experiments. Big Bang Theory The big bang theory, a cosmological model that describes how the universe started its expansion about 13.8 billion years ago, states that the universe continues to move and expand  THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS 1. The universe began as a singularity or a point containing all space, time, matter and energy 2. It expanded rapidly in nothingness through a rapid yet peaceful process called inflation 3. The universe cooled down as it expanded 4. A soup of matter in the form of subatomic particles was formed and nuclei of light atoms were created via nucleosynthesis or nuclear fusion between protons and neutrons 5. Electrons interacted with these nuclei to form actual, primordial atoms via the process of recombination  THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN), also known as primordial nucleosynthesis, is the process of producing light elements during the big bang expansion It yields two stable isotopes of hydrogen, two isotopes of helium, some lithium atoms and beryllium isotopes Strong and Weak Nuclear Force - Quarks and Leptons  THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS Big Bang Theory The correlation between predicted and observed cosmic abundances of H and He was the major proof of the big bang theory Almost all available neutrons have combined with protons, forming 24% He-4 by mass About 74% H by mass remained uncombined To verify these observations, scientists measured abundances of primordial material in unprocessed gas in some parts of the universe with no stars as well as in parts of meteorites known as chondrites that commonly fall to Earth  THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS SYMBOLS: PHOTONS NEUTRONS PHOTONS REACTION  THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS The identity of an atom comes from the number of protons in its nucleus. Atomic number = protons = electrons  THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS Reactions between subatomic particles under favorable conditions are crucial to the formation of the nuclei of the first elements. This process is called nucleosynthesis.  THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS 1. Observe all nuclear reactions in the figure. Why is a proton-proton interaction not allowed? 2. Which two elements were formed as final products in the game? Hydrogen and helium. 3. Why do you think these reactions are allowed? Under the right conditions, interactions involving subatomic particles occur and result in the formation of the nuclei of the light elements.  THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS Activity: What’s Next? Instruction: Complete the diagram to summarize the synthesis of the elements during the big bang expansion.  THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS  THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS + DEUTERIUM (D), AN ISOTOPE OF HYDROGEN WITH ONE PROTON AND ONE NEUTRON, BINDED BY A PHOTON  number of Name of the protons, Chemical isotope/ Symbol and Particles element Reaction neutrons DEUTRIUM DEUTERIUM (D), AN ISOTOPE OF HYDROGEN WITH ONE PROTON AND ONE NEUTRON, BINDED BY A PHOTON TRITIUM (T) A RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPE OF HYDROGEN WITH ONE PROTON AND TWO NEUTRONS, WAS FORMED FROM THE FUSION OF TWO DEUTERIUM NUCLEI, ACCOMPANIED BY A RELEASE OF A PROTON TRITIUM (T) A RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPE OF HYDROGEN WITH ONE PROTON AND TWO NEUTRONS, WAS FORMED FROM THE FUSION OF TWO DEUTERIUM NUCLEI, ACCOMPANIED BY A RELEASE OF A PROTON HELIUM-3 AN ISOTOPE OF HELIUM WITH ONE NEUTRON AND TWO PROTONS, WAS FORMED FROM THE FUSION OF TWO DEUTERIUM NUCLEI AND A RELEASE OF A NEUTRON.  WHICH HAS TWO NEUTRONS AND TWO HELIUM-4 PROTONS AND CAN BE FORMED THROUGH 3 REACTIONS  AN UNSTABLE NUCLEUS WITH THREE PROTONS AND LITHIUM-7 FOUR NEUTRONS, WAS PRODUCED FROM THE NUCLEAR FUSION OF HELIUM-4 AND TRITIUM. BERYLLIUM-7 AN UNSTABLE ISOTOPE OF BERYLLIUM WITH FOUR PROTONS AND THREE NEUTRONS  THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS  THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS  THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS Activity: Explain Me! Instructions: Choose two of the three pieces of evidence presented for the big bang theory and explain the significance of each in no more than five (5) sentences. 1. CMBR 2. Redshift 3. The relative abundance of H and He  THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS Let’s Check Your Understanding Instructions: Identify what is being described in the following statements. 1. These are the two most abundant elements in the universe. 2. This phenomenon referred to the movement of most spiral galaxies away fromEarth. 3. This radiation was believed to be the remains of energy created after the big bang. 4. This is the energy required to break down a nucleus into its components. 5. This is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen with one proton and two neutrons.  THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS Let’s Check Your Understanding Instructions: Identify what is being described in the following statements. 1. H and He 2. redshift 3. cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) 4. binding energy 5. tritium  THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS Key Points The big bang theory is a cosmological model that describes how the universe started its expansion about 13.8 billion years ago. Big bang nucleosynthesis is the process of producing light elements during the big bang expansion. The correlation between the predicted and observed cosmic abundances of hydrogen and helium was the major proof of the big bang theory.