Big Bang Nucleosynthesis PDF

THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS HOW DID THE EXISTENCE OF EVERYTHING STARTED?  Cosmology is the body of science that studies the origin, Cosmology evolution and eventual fate of the universe  Religious Cosmology Religious or mytho...

THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE FORMATION OF LIGHT ELEMENTS HOW DID THE EXISTENCE OF EVERYTHING STARTED?  Cosmology is the body of science that studies the origin, Cosmology evolution and eventual fate of the universe  Religious Cosmology Religious or mythological cosmology explains the origin of universe and life based on religious beliefs of a specific tradition The concept of creatio ex nihilo God creating the universe as written in the book of Genesis Physical Cosmology Physical cosmology explains the origin of universe based on scientific insights, studies and experiments Ptolemy Claudius Ptolemy Alexandrian mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist Geocentric Theory Nicolas Copernicus Heliocentric Theory the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the universe. Galileo Galilei Astronomer, Physicist And Engineer Invented the telescope Galileo supported the heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory of Copernicus. Albert Einstein Theory of Relativity  Divine Oscillating Creation Universe Theory The ORIGIN of the Universe Steady-state Big Bang Universe Theory The STEADY-STATE Theory The term STEADY STATE means a stable condition that does not change over time or in which change in one direction is continually balanced by change in another. Sir Fred Hoyle Hermann Bondi Thomas Gold The STEADY-STATE Theory The Steady-state theory proposes that matter is continuously created at a rate that keeps the average density of the universe the same as it expands. Problems with the STEADY-STATE Theory The discovery of Quasars The discovery of cosmic microwave back ground (high frequency radio wave) Problems with the STEADY-STATE Theory The discovery of Quasars. A quasar is thought to be a luminous galactic core, powered by a super- massive black hole. Quasars are so far away from us that their light has taken several billion years to reach the Earth. For this reason, the study of quasars can provide astronomers with information about the early stages of the universe. Problems with the STEADY-STATE Theory The discovery of Cosmic Microwave Back ground In the Big Bang theory, this radiation is a relic or snapshot from the time the Universe was young and hot and was predicted long before it was discovered. In the Steady State theory it is almost impossible to explain the origin of this radiation.  THE OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY The Oscillatory Universe Theory is a hypothesis credited to Richard Tolman who saw it as a possible outcome of the Big Bang.  THE OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY It is a cosmological model that combines both the Big Bang and the Big Crunch as part of a cyclical event. THE OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY One implication of the Big Bang Theory is that the universe may grow cold and dark and die an ultimate heat death (Big Freeze or Heat Death). This will happen if the universe expands forever. THE OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY Some cosmologists believe that the universe will eventually reach a maximum point of expansion and that once this happens, it will then collapse into itself (BIG CRUNCH). The universe will begin to contract once expansion ends.  THE OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY However, some scientists speculate that the Big Crunch would not signal the end. They believe that perhaps another Big Bang would follow the Big Crunch, giving rise to a new universe of possibilities. THE OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY This idea that Big Bangs follow Big Crunches in a never-ending cycle is known as an oscillating universe. If this theory holds true, then the universe in which we live and exists between a Big Bang and a Big Crunch.  It ignores the second law of thermodynamics, which It doesn’t really provide All recent data shows that requires usable energy to for an explanation of the the universe is not closed continually decrease and initial creation; rather, it and consequently will for the universe to become only pushes it back further expand forever. more random and in time. disorganized. Problems with the OSCILLATING UNIVERSE Theory  The first idea of the big bang didn't come from science but from the literary pen of Edgar Allan Poe. The BIG BANG THEORY The BIG BANG THEOR Y states that the universe began with a gigantic explosion about 13.7 billion years ago. Georges Lemaitre Belgian Roman Catholic priest, physicist and astronomer credited with the first definitive formulation of the idea of an expanding universe  POINT of It is a point ORIGIN Then in a cosmic explosion-- where some All the mass in the universe was the Big Bang--the universe came into being. property is compressed into a single point of infinite. infinite density...smaller than a single atom...and then there SINGULARITY was everything. The BIG BANG Theory INFLATION The rapid expansion that occur after the explosion. During the inflation, the universe expanded much faster than the speed of light. The BIG BANG Theory INFLATION The inflation began a tiny fraction of a second after the Big Bang, about 0.000000000000000000000000000000 000001 second! It lasted for another 0.000000000000000000000000000000 001 second. The scale of the universe expanded exponentially in that brief span.  Other celestial bodies and galaxies are still being formed. BIG BANG THEORY It also proposes that the universe has neither boundary nor center.  The observed proportions of elements Three Major The discovery of cosmic microwave back ground Evidences radiation. The expansion of space, which cause the galaxies to recede from one another.  Abundance 7 of Hydrogen 5 and Helium % H y d r o2 g5 e%  In a million years, the universe According to the Big Bang had Hydrogen fuels stars and acts theory, expansion cooled the universe enough for matter such expanded as a building block for other elements. as protons, neutrons, and and cooled Once hydrogen atoms formed, electrons to form from the radiation within a few seconds enough for stars and galaxies began to form, too. after the big bang. hydrogen and helium atoms to form.  Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Scientists believe that the remnant of the echo of the first explosion had been detected through the radio telescopes in 1970’s In 1965, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson were making adjustments to a new radio antenna that they had built.  This all-sky map of the cosmic back ground radiation taken by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) satellite reveals an average temperature of about 2.73 K everywhere. This is the cooled- off remnants of the Big Bang.  The Universe Long ago, the entire universe EXPANSIO was once might have been contained in N an extremely small space, SMALLER effectively a point.  In 1929, Edwin Hubble announced that the universe is expanding. Hubble based his conclusion on observations of the spectral lines in light from other galaxies.  He found that these spectral lines were almost always shifted toward the red end of the spectrum. This effect, called RED SHIFT, can be explained by the Doppler effect. The faster a light source moves away, the more that light stretches to longer wavelengths and shifts toward the red end of the spectrum.  When an object is approaching us, the shift is toward shorter wavelengths at the spectrum’s blue end and is called BLUE SHIFT. Hubble found that most galaxies have red shifts and that galaxies that are farther away have greater red shifts. Hubble explained this by proposing that almost every galaxy is moving away from Earth.  Hubble found that most galaxies have red shifts and that galaxies that are farther away have greater red shifts. Big Bang Theory The universe began as a singularity or a point containing all space, time, matter and energy It expanded rapidly in nothingness through a rapid yet peaceful process called inflation The universe cooled down as it expanded Nucleosynth esis THE FORMATION OF ATOMIC NUCLEI. IT IS HOW ELEMENTS ARE MADE. FORMATION of BASIC ELEMENTS Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN), also known as Primordial Nucleosynthesis, is the process of producing light elements during the big bang expansion It yields two stable isotopes of hydrogen, two isotopes of helium, some lithium atoms and beryllium isotopes  The BIG BANG THEORY is a cosmological model 1 that describes how the universe started its expansion about 13.8 billion years ago. Big Bang Nucleosynthesis is the process of 2 producing light elements during the Big Bang expansion. The correlation between the predicted and observed cosmic abundances of hydrogen 3 and helium was the major proof of the big bang theory. FORMATION of HEAVIER ELEMENTS STELLAR EVOLUTIO N An event of changes of a star during its lifetime from evolutionary phase of protostar until its stellar death (supernova). STELLAR FORMATIO N The STAR FORMATION THEORY states that stars formed when gravity acted on the particles expanding with the universe. Protostars are formed when gravity causes the molecular cloud to collapse, and its fragments are grouped into stellar core.  NEBULA a cloud of gas and dust in space. can begin to collapse under its own gravitational attraction. the material at the center begins to heat up – forming a PROTOSTAR.  A PROTOSTAR is hot core at the heart of the collapsing cloud that will one day become a star.  As stars move toward the end of their lives much of their hydrogen has been At 1 million oC, STAR converted to helium atomic nuclei start fusing Nuclear fusion together. causes the star to ignite. Hydrogen to NUCLEAR Energy is Helium to heavier FUSION produced. elements. OUR VERY OWN SUN The sun is believed to be in the middle of the main sequence phase of stellar evolution It will remain as such for at least five billion years Red giant stars stay on the main sequence phase for at least 100 billion years  Larger than Red Giant Stars. Helium sinks to the RED Have 1000 times the star's core and raises GIANTS diameter of the sun the star's temperature large, swelling —causing it to expand. stars. large bright star SUPER RED with a cool GIANTS surface. EXPANSION  PLANETARY NEBULA created when a star blows off its outer layers after it has run out of fuel to burn. At the center of a planetary nebula, the glowing, left-over central part of the star from which it came can usually still be seen. Dumbbell Nebula CRAB NEBULA Observed in 1054 by Chinese astronomers and was the first supernova observation ever recorded. Rediscovered in 1758 by Charles Messier as he was observing a bright comet.  WHITE DWARFS These are very small, hot star, the last stage in the life cycle of a star like the Sun. Have mass similar to the Sun. Have approximately the Earth’s diameter. Very dense.  BLACK DWARFS burnt-out core of an old star that no longer emits light, generally believed to follow the white dwarf stage as the final stage in the evolution of small to medium mass stars. SUPERNOVA the explosive death of a star, and often results in the star obtaining the brightness of 100 million suns for a short time. Supernova are thought to be main source of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium.  Crab Nebula (M1) Observed by Chinese astronomers, July 4, 1054 Remnant of a supernova NEUTRON STARS composed mainly of neutrons. -Very dense. -have mass three times the Sun. -20km in diameter. BLACK HOLE An extremely dense celestial body that has been theorized to exist in the universe. The gravitational pull in it is so great that nothing can escape from it, not even light. It distort the space around them, and can often suck neighboring matter into them including stars. Hydrogen burning - refers to a set of stellar reactions resulting in the production of Helium from Hydrogen. Helium burning - refers to a set of stellar nuclear reactions that uses helium to produce energy and heavier elements such as Be, O, Ne and Fe. Beta decay results in an increase in the number of protons of the nucleus by one. Hence, a heavier nucleus is formed. The larger the mass of a star, the shorter its life cycle.  Elements heavier than iron are formed after a supernova. SHORT QUIZ (Identification) 1. ______________ is the body of science that studies the origin, evolution and eventual fate of the universe. 2. ______________ explains the origin of universe and life based on religious beliefs of a specific tradition SHORT QUIZ (identification) 3. ______________ means from nothing. 4. ______________ is the book in the bible where the creation is written. SHORT QUIZ (identification) 5. ______________ means “earth”.’ 6. _____________ means “helio”. 7. _____________ means ”centric”. 8. _____________ is the proponent of Theory of Relativity. 9. The Big bang Theory started _______ billion years ago. 10. The Earth was created _____ billion years ago. SHORT QUIZ (identification) 11. The formation of atomic nuclei. It is how elements are made. 12-15. Enumerate the first 4 light elements created in the big bang. SHORT QUIZ (TRUE or false) 16. Big bang is an explosion. 17. Big bang started in a point of singularity that expands rapidly. 18. Inflation is the great expansion that happened 10— 35 seconds after the big bang. 19. Ptolemy is the proponent of Geocentric Theory, stating that the Sun is the center of the universe. 20. Atom is the smallest particle that first exist in the universe.