Human Cultural Variation, Social Differences, Social Change & Political Identities PDF

HUMAN CULTURAL VARIATION, SOCIAL DIFFERENCES, SOCIAL CHANGE & POLITICAL IDENTITIES UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS STEM 12 | FIRST QUARTER — FIRST SEMESTER | S.Y. ‘23-24 | AGDP...

HUMAN CULTURAL VARIATION, SOCIAL DIFFERENCES, SOCIAL CHANGE & POLITICAL IDENTITIES UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS STEM 12 | FIRST QUARTER — FIRST SEMESTER | S.Y. ‘23-24 | AGDP of behavior, social organizations or value system. DEFINITION OF TERMS CULTURE POLITICAL IDENTITY - Culture can be defined as all the ways of - A form of social identity marking life including arts, beliefs and institutions of membership of certain groups that share a population that are passed down from a common struggle for a certain form of generation to generation. Culture has power. This can include identification with been called "the way of life for an entire a political party, but also positions on society." As such, it includes codes of specific political issues, nationalism, manners, dress, language, religion, rituals, inter-ethnic relations or more abstract art ideological themes SOCIETY ANTHROPOLOGY - A society is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, - is the “science of humanity” which studies or a large social group sharing the same human aspects ranging from biology and spatial or social territory, typically subject evolutionary history of Homo sapiens to to the same political authority and the features of society and culture. dominant cultural expectations. SUBDISCIPLINES OF ANTHROPOLOGY POLITICS - Politics is the set of activities that are Cultural Anthropology associated with making decisions in - studies how people who share a common groups, or other forms of power relations cultural system organize and shape the among individuals, such as the distribution physical and social world around them, of resources or status. The branch of and are in turn shaped by those ideas, social science that studies politics and behaviors and physical environments government is referred to as political science Linguistic Anthropology - the study of how language influences HUMAN CULTURAL VARIATION social life. - refers to the differences in social - it focuses on how language shapes behaviors that different cultures exhibit societies and their social network, cultural around the world. What may be beliefs, and understanding of themselves considered good etiquette in one culture and their environments may be considered bad etiquette in another Biological Anthropology - also known as physical anthropology, is SOCIAL DIFFERENCES the study of the evolution of human - the difference among individuals on the beings and their living and fossil basis of social characteristics and relatives. Biological anthropology places qualities human evolution within the context of human culture and behavior. SOCIAL CHANGE - used to indicate the changes that take Archaeology place in human interrelations. It is defined - Archaeology is the study of the human past using material remains. These HUMAN CULTURAL VARIATION, SOCIAL DIFFERENCES, SOCIAL CHANGE & POLITICAL IDENTITIES UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS STEM 12 | FIRST QUARTER — FIRST SEMESTER | S.Y. ‘23-24 | AGDP remains can be any objects that people created, modified, or used. Archaeologists carefully uncover and examine these objects in order to interpret the experiences and activities of peoples and civilizations throughout history SOCIOLOGY - Sociology is the study of human social relationships and institutions. - It highlights the external influences that facilitate or constrain human action. POLITICAL SCIENCE - deals with the study of political phenomena. Its goal is to deepen human understanding of the forms and nature of political action and to develop theoretical tools for interpreting politically meaningful phenomena. It focuses on fundamental values of equality, freedom, and justice and its process linked with the dynamics of conflict, resolution, and cooperation. CONCEPT & CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AN POLITICS STEM 12 | FIRST QUARTER — FIRST SEMESTER | S.Y. ‘23-24 | AGDP case it is shared and accepted or rehearsed by a gathering of individuals. CULTURE - The English word “culture” is from the Latin 3. Culture is cumulative. Different expression clique or cultus- significance exemplified in culture can be passed plowing, or developing or refining and love. starting one age then onto the next age. In total it implies developing and refining. Increasingly more information is added in the specific culture as the time elapses by THE CONCEPT OF CULTURE 4. Culture changes. There is information, - Culture is a lifestyle. musings or customs that are lost as new social qualities are added Culture is the epitome of the manner by which we think and get things done. It is likewise 5. Culture is dynamic. No culture stays on the things that we have acquired as citizenry. the perpetual state. Culture is changing Every one of the accomplishments of individuals continually as novel thoughts and new as individuals from gathering of people can be procedure are added over the long haul called culture. altering or changing the old ways. This is the attributes of culture that stems from Culture thus refers to a human-made the way life’s total quality. environment which includes all the materials and nonmaterial products of group life that are 6. Culture gives us a scope of passable transmitted from one generation to the next. standards of conduct. It includes how a movement ought to be directed, how an Material Culture - Comprises of articles that individual should act properly. identifies with the material part of our life like our dress, food, and family products. 7. Culture is diverse: Different cultures have their own beliefs and interests which they Non-material culture - alludes to thoughts, can share to offer alternative ways of standards, musings and convictions. doing things. Culture Changes from one spot to another 8. Culture is ideational. Often it sets out an and country to country. Its advancement depends optimal example of conduct that are on authentic cycle working in a nearby, provincial expected to be trailed by people in order or public setting. All in all, individuals of any nation to acquire social acknowledgement from are portrayed by their particular social customs. individuals with a similar culture. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE 1. Culture is gained as in there are sure practices which are obtained through heredity. People acquire certain characteristic from their folks. These are gained from relatives, from gathering and the general public wherein they live. 2. Culture is shared by a group of people. An idea or activity might be called culture in THE CONCEPT OF SOCIETY UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL, SOCIETY AND POLITICS STEM 12 | FIRST QUARTER — FIRST SEMESTER | S.Y. ‘23-24 | AGDP LIKENESS AND DIFFERENCES IN SOCIETY SOCIETY - Society involves both likeness and The word SOCIETY comes from the Latin difference. If people are all exactly alike, word socius, signifying “buddy” or “being with merely alike, their relationship would be others”. limited. There would be little give-and-take and little reciprocity. The general public in which we live decides - Society needs difference also for its everything from the food we eat to the decisions existence and continuance we make. COOPERATION AND CONFLICT IN SOCIETY A general public comprises of individuals - Collaboration and struggle are general who share a region, who communicate with one components in human existence. another, and who share a culture - Different groups of people often come into conflict when a problem cannot be solved, Society refers to a group of people sharing when values clash, or when there is a common culture within a defined territorial ambiguity over ownership of land and boundaries. resources. Diplomacy, the art of maintaining peaceful relationships without Society is a constitution of social actors in the use of violence, can help turn conflict constant interaction into cooperation. Every human society is organized in such a SOCIETY IS A PROCESS NOT A PRODUCT way that there are rules of conduct, customs, - Society exists just as a period traditions, folkways and mores, and expectations arrangement. It is becoming, not a being; that ensure appropriate behaviors among an interaction and not an item” (Mclver members. (Palispis, 2007 p. 254) and Page, 1956). At the end of the day, when the interaction stops, the item SOCIAL ORDER vanishes. - is a broad term that refers to the links between people and institutions working A society can never be a product because it is cooperatively to keep society stable. never complete. It is always under construction or in the process of development. Our particular social orders show us how to act, what to accept, and how we’ll be rebuffed in the SOCIETY IS A SYSTEM OF STRATIFICATION event that we don’t keep the laws or customs set - Society gives an arrangement of up. definition of situations with classes that every individual has a moderately steady GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY and unmistakable situation in the social construction. SOCIETY OF ABSTRACT - Society is viewed as web of social relationships, it is distinct from physical entity which we can see and perceive through senses. We may see the people but cannot see society or social structure, but only its external aspects (Mclver) CULTURAL AND SOCIAL CHANGE UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL, SOCIETY AND POLITICS STEM 12 | FIRST QUARTER — FIRST SEMESTER | S.Y. ‘23-24 | AGDP - Language - Food CHANGE - Music - According to Heraclitus, “Change is the - Religion only permanent in this world” - Arts - Change is something that presses us out of our comfort zone. It is destiny filtered, SOCIAL CHANGE heart grown, faith built. - Change is inequitable; not a respected or - Refers to an alteration in the social order of persons a society. This may include changes in nature, social institutions, social behaviors, Change is an enduring historical force with or social relations. These changes are noticeable variations through. Change may be because of industrialization, urbanization hardly discernible or easily observable; it may be and technology brought by the different constructive or destructive; but whatever its countries in the world. nature it occurs everywhere and every time. SOCIAL CHANGE may be directed (guided, planned, structures) or non-directed (unplanned CULTURAL CHANGE or unstructured). It takes place through the mass - Deals with the evolution of cultural media, trade war, intermarriage, educational components. This is a modification of a exchange programs, science congresses, society through innovation, invention, conferences, seminars, art exhibits, travel discovery, or contact with other societies missionary work, beauty contests, athletic meets, and many other means. Cultural changes not only by the simple accumulation of elements. Changes are also SOCIAL CHANGES IN THE PHILIPPINES brought about by the selective acceptance/addiction or rejection/discarding of - Communication/socialization or the changes emphasis on existing elements - Ecological arrangements (from farm and villages toward urban concentration) Throughout the history of humanity, gains as well - Women’s rights?feminist movements, as losses in culture have been the result of LGBTQ rights, Civil rights selective rather than a random process. An - Abolition of slavery element is accepted, resisted, or rejected not merely because it is fundamentally useful or Change is brought not by one factor alone. To be useless but because of its relationship with the considered are interplay of various social and rest of the culture which may or may not non-social factors like geographical location, assimilate it. climate, other natural resources, people’s motor skills and other abilities, technology, philosophical, religious, moral beliefs, social organizations, etc CULTURAL CHANGES IN THE PHILIPPINES - Traditional Courtship Philippine society is in flux of change. A major - Fiesta (then and now) (Moro-Moro, consequence of change in the Philippines is also Zarzuela) taking place in the other parts of the - Wakes (Duplo- a poetical debate held by contemporary world is modernization. This implies trained men and women in the ninth, the a change from traditional way of life to a more last night of the mourning period for the complex technologically advanced rapidly dead) changing style of life. - Traditional clothing CULTURAL AND SOCIAL CHANGE UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL, SOCIETY AND POLITICS STEM 12 | FIRST QUARTER — FIRST SEMESTER | S.Y. ‘23-24 | AGDP western culture in almost all aspects of our life-food, dress, manner, education, FACTORS THAT INFLUENCES SOCIO-CULTURAL literature, so on and so forth. CHANGES PHYSICAL FACTORS SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS - Some physical factors are responsible for - Advancement of science and technologies social change, such factors bring a vast has brought a revolutionary change in change in the location, size, and almost all societies of the world. The population of the society. Natural disasters development of these techniques depends destabilize a society. This may result in an on inventions and discoveries. abandonment of cultural pursuits as people focus on survival and security. POLITICAL FACTORS - Politics play a vital role in bringing social ECONOMIC FACTORS change. The state and central government - The progress of the society is mainly change the rules, regulations for the determined by means of production which people in order to change the social may be agricultural, industrial, rural or pattern. Different political parties with their urban depending on economic status. ideologies bring a social change Industrialization is responsible to form throughout the country. different classes of people in society such as capitalists, industrialists, and hoarders, EDUCATIONAL FACTORS middle and poor class people. Economic - Educationists through their educational factors create new township, cities, ideologies bring a change in the society. industries, factories which bring a social Education acts as the chief and most change in a newly social form. powerful instrument for the social change. Educational institutions, books, magazines, IMPACT OF IDEAS AND IDEOLOGIES FACTOR newspapers etc. greatly affect the social - Ideas and ideologies have been life of the people. Hence, the role of responsible to social change. Main ideas education is felt seriously to change the like liberty, equality, and fraternity, the society in all aspects. world famous revolution was brought by ideas during France revolution in 1789. PERSPECTIVE/APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF There were other revolutions like such SOCIETY AND CULTURE revolutions brought a great change in their societies. Ideologies like fascism, STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE democracy, communism, socialism, - All parts of society work together and humanism etc. have a very powerful make society as a whole influence on the changing pattern of the - Cultural norms provide guideline to society. individual to have to behave within an institutions and society CULTURAL DIFFUSION FACTORS - Values teaches people what choices - No society remains isolated from outside should they make in different scenarios contacts. One culture influences other. - The government or state, provides Such cultural diffusion is responsible for education for the children of the family, the development of western civilization. which in turn pays taxes on which the state Owing to mixture of various culture like depends to keep itself running. Hindu, Muslim, Christian etc. have brought a great change in the style of life in every society. Today we find the influences of CULTURAL AND SOCIAL CHANGE UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL, SOCIETY AND POLITICS STEM 12 | FIRST QUARTER — FIRST SEMESTER | S.Y. ‘23-24 | AGDP CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE - SOcial structure of society is inherently based on inequality, those who are powerful and wealthy (upper class) exploit people, norms, values and institutions for their own benefit and selfish desires. - Conflict theorist view culture as a toll for powerful and wealthy people to sustain and maintain the inequalities and differences in the power between social classes within society. - It also discusses the power which is related to gender, age, and race. - Such inequalities which are based on gender, class, age and race, create conflict in the society between two factions SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE - View society as, the product of social interaction. They believe the culture is created and sustained because of social interaction between the members of society - Individuals act according to their interpretation of the meaning of their world, - People attach meanings to symbols and then they act according to their subjective interpretation of these symbols. - Symbolic interactionists give serious thought assign to their own action and symbols, as well as to those of others. ETHNOCENTRISM & CULTURAL RELATIVISM UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL, SOCIETY AND POLITICS STEM 12 | FIRST QUARTER — FIRST SEMESTER | S.Y. ‘23-24 | AGDP CULTURAL VARIATION WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM CULTURAL RELATIVISM - Refers to the differences in social behaviors that different cultures exhibit 1. How to escape the unconscious bonds of around the world. one’s own culture, which inevitably bias our perceptions of and reactions to the ETHNOCENTRISM world. Not all of our preferences are based on absolute standards. - Is the evaluation of others culture according to preconceptions originating 2. How to make sense of an unfamiliar the standards and costumes of one’s own culture. Keep an open mind. culture CULTURAL RELATIVISM IS THE ANTIDOTE TO ETHNOCENTRISM can lead to judgement of the DOGMATISM behaviors of groups or societies ETHNOCENTRISM can also lead to discrimination against people who are different. ETHNOCENTRISM can create loyal among the same social group or people in the same society National pride is also a part of ETHNOCENTRISM CULTURAL RELATIVISM - Is the idea that a person’s beliefs and practices should be understood based on that person’s own culture. - Refers to not judging a culture to our own standards of what is right or wrong, strange or normal. Instead we should not try to understand cultural practices of other groups in its own cultural context. NOTE: Different cultures have different moral codes. Therefore, there is no objective “truth” in morality. Right and wrong are only matters of opinion and opinions vary from culture to culture Often, when we examine what seems to be dramatic difference, we find that the cultures do not differ nearly as much as it appears. The difference is in our belief systems, not in our values CULTURAL, SOCIAL, POLITICAL & ECONOMIC SYMBOLS & PRACTICES UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL, SOCIETY AND POLITICS STEM 12 | FIRST QUARTER — FIRST SEMESTER | S.Y. ‘23-24 | AGDP economic statues and may address issues and concerns in the society. SYMBOL - Is an object, word, or action that stands SOCIAL PRACTICES for something else and represents - Refer to the day to day observances that abstract ideas or concepts that has are typically and habitually performed in meaning to people bound by common society. It forms the everyday life of people cultural, social and other organizational and all members of the community are affiliation or ideology aware of them even if not everybody participates or performs them - Is anything that represents something else POLITICAL SYMBOLS - Are representations that are used to signify a political perspective, A political CULTURAL SYMBOLS AND PRACTICES symbol can be any object, person, word, performance, or gesture that represents a Cultural symbols are concrete political institutions, hierarchy, movement, manifestations that indicate the beliefs of a belief or ideology. particular culture. These symbols may be actual symbols or signs, or they can also be gestures POLITICAL PRACTICES such as handshakes and hand signals. The same - Are activities that are associated with symbol can mean different things in different making decisions in groups or other forms cultures. of power relations, These are the outward manifestations of political culture which as Cultural symbols can represent any defined by Lucian Pye refers to the aspect of the culture, including nationalism, belief “composite of basic values, feelings, and systems, traditions, language and values. knowledge that underlie the political process” CULTURAL PRACTICE - Customary and routine behavior of people ECONOMIC SYMBOLS based on shared belief and value systems. - Those relating to economic activities such These are manifestations of a culture or as production, distribution, and subculture, especially concerning the consumptions of goods and services. traditional practices of a particular ethnic AMong the most common economic or cultural group symbols are the currencies of money we are using, the value of which varies SOCIAL SYMBOLS depending on the economic status of the - The self is a product of socialization. country. We also hear of the Stock According to Herbert Mead, an American Exchange, Gold and Petroleum, Banking, Sociologist and the father of sociological Life Insurance and others. tradition called Symbolic Interactionism, our concept of the self is acquired through ECONOMIC PRACTICES the use of symbolic gestures - Economic system or practices are the - Related to human society and its modes or process by which resources are organizations: social classes, social distributed, and goods and services are problems or a social issue. Social symbols traded in societies. These practices control may be indicative of the person’s social or the different factors or production such as CULTURAL, SOCIAL, POLITICAL & ECONOMIC SYMBOLS & PRACTICES UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL, SOCIETY AND POLITICS STEM 12 | FIRST QUARTER — FIRST SEMESTER | S.Y. ‘23-24 | AGDP labor, capital entrepreneurs, physical and on its inherit functions and role in the information resources. progress of societies. At the most basic level, economics attempts to - Symbols and practices portray certain explain our practices on how and why we make aspects of living certain cultures and the purchasing choices we do. Four key economic traditions of people. concepts- scarcity, supply and demand, costs - They are used to transfer culture, and benefits,and incentives - can help explain ideologies or beliefs from one group to many decisions that humans make another group of people, from one generation to another. - They are also the means to preserve DEFINITION OF TERMS traditions and cultures of societies SCARCITY - They swerve as basis for improvement and - Explains the basic economics problem that development in the societies the world has limited- or scarce-resources to meet seemingly unlimited wants. The reality forces people to make decisions about how to allocate resources in the most efficient way possible so that as many needs as possible are met SUPPLY & DEMAND - Supply refers to the amount of goods that are available. Demand refers to how many people want those goods COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS - Also known as a benefit cost analysis is a process by which organizations can analyze decisions, systems or projects, or determine a value for intangibles. The model is built by identifying the benefits of an action as well as the associated costs, and subtracting the costs from benefits ECONOMIC INCENTIVES - Are what motivates a person to behave in a certain way, while preferences are your needs, wants and desires. Economic incentives provide you the motivation to pursue your preferences THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CULTURAL, SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SYMBOLS AND PRACTICES - The significance of cultural, social, political and economic symbols and practices lies SOCIALIZATION UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL, SOCIETY AND POLITICS STEM 12 | FIRST QUARTER — FIRST SEMESTER | S.Y. ‘23-24 | AGDP PROFESSIONAL OR DEVELOPMENTAL SOCIALIZATION SOCIALIZATION - Is a lifelong process where individuals - This process of socialization occurs during develop a self-concept and prepare for the early years of an individual's life. It roles, which in turn shape personality. It is develops his skills and attitudes for the the lifelong process by which people learn future and prepares him for the various the ways of the society in which they live roles and responsibilities that he will - Socialization is the process by which assume as an adult. human acquire a sense of self or a social identity, develop their human capacities RE SOCIALIZATION learn the culture(s) of the society in which - When an individual moves to a new group, they live learn expectations for behavior he has to learn the new values and beliefs of the new group. This process of FOCUS OF SOCIALIZATION re-socialization helps him to get used to 1. Acquisition of Knowledge the new ways of life. 2. Language 3. Values SOCIALIZATION VS ENCULTURATION 4. Habites 5. Skills in the Society are two similar processes. Socialization refers to the general process of acquiring culture, while TYPES OF SOCIALIZATION enculturation specifically refers to the process of being socialized to a particular culture. PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION - occurs early in a child’s lifestyle and is For an individual to become a member of a primarily due to have an impact directly society he/she must go through these two from the family and close friends. Through processes: socialization / enculturation. fundamental socialization, a baby learns basic societal norms and customs. Example Mano or pagmamano as an "honoring-gesture" to the elders. OVERALL ENCULTURATION AND SOCIALIZATION PROCESS RESULTS TO: SECONDARY SOCIALIZATION IDENTITY FORMATION – An individual’s - Occurs when a person learns on identity is formed through his interaction appropriate behavior to be displayed with other people. A person’s socialization within a smaller group which still part of a with individuals or groups allows him or larger society. Example joining a club or her to imbibe certain characteristics and organization in college, getting employed interests that contribute to his/her identity. in a new workplace. (Idea derived from Newman, 2012). ANTICIPATORY SOCIALIZATION NORMS AND VALUES – On the other hand, - Adolescence is initiated between the ages norms are culturally determined rules that of childhood and adulthood. During this guide people regarding what is right, stage, children start to participate in wrong, proper, or improper. Norms create Anticipatory Socialization. They also learn predictability in daily affairs and about their group culture and what they interactions, making it easier to live with should expect in the future. other members of society (Newman, 2012). These norms are fundamental to the SOCIALIZATION UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL, SOCIETY AND POLITICS STEM 12 | FIRST QUARTER — FIRST SEMESTER | S.Y. ‘23-24 | AGDP establishment of social order in any beliefs, nationality, religion, orientation and society (Newman, 2012). sensibilities. STATUS – position that an individual can Respect the distance and personal space of occupy in society (Newman, 2012). It is not others. ranked position, but simply a label that - You may radiate with well-mannered implies certain roles that must be interactive skills, but if others refuse ti performed reciprocate your enthusiasm, move to another group that seems to be more welcoming. 2 TYPES OF STATUS ACHIEVED STATUS AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION - is one that a person has earned or chosen based on his/her abilities and hard work. THE FAMILY This is usually signified by a certain - The basic unit of society, the primary social profession, such as a professional athlete. institutions or social group where one is born. It serves as the main link between ASCRIBED STATUS child and society and is the first, the - is not earned, and it is not something that closest and most influential social group in people have control over. For instance, it the child’s life can be ascribed to a person's race or sex. Also, it is not usually a choice in most THE PEER GROUP matters. - is the informal grouping of two or more members, more or less of the same age, the neighborhood, or school is called peer WAY OF SOCIALIZATION group, friends, clique, gang, or barkada. Socialization starts with the face and the body This is the only agency of socialization not language controlled primarily by adults - A smile indicates your willingness to know more about the event and the people THE CHURCH attending it. - provides spiritual guidance, norms of - It guarantees you a higher probability of conduct, and rules of behavior. It helps the winning the interest of people that you government to become honest, fair and might no longer need to make the first democratic. The basic principles and move to engage in conversations tenets of the Christian religion centering God and His love for people are taught to Keep a clean sense of humor. the children - If you have the natural knack of making people laugh, then you would find it easy THE SCHOOL to socialize. - is a formal agency for weaning children from home and introducing them to Be attentive throughout the conversation society. - Showing a sincere interest in what others are saying inspires a fruitful exchange of MASS MEDIA ideas. - informs, educates, and entertains. It affects the audience’s behavior and Maintain an open and positive frame of mind. attitudes, positively or negatively. - When joining a social activity, you should expect to encounter people of varied SOCIALIZATION UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL, SOCIETY AND POLITICS STEM 12 | FIRST QUARTER — FIRST SEMESTER | S.Y. ‘23-24 | AGDP THE WORKPLACE - is where the individual gets socialized to its norms and values and finds his or her place in its hierarchy of statuses. The person also joins professional associations, unions, or other groups. Should they find the workplace dull and unfair or unrewarding, the employee can always look for another job. FORMS AND FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATION UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL, SOCIETY AND POLITICS STEM 12 | FIRST QUARTER — FIRST SEMESTER | S.Y. ‘23-24 | AGDP OUT GROUP SOCIAL GROUP - A social group with which an individual - A social group is two or more people who does not identify. identify with and engage with each other - An out-group is defined by its dissimilarity (Macionis 2012). to an in-group. Where an in-group is unified by a shard element of identity, be it e.g. a. Religious group b. Ethnic group c. Working a belief or a trait, and out-group is de fined colleague group d. Sports team etc. by it lack of that shared element. A social group is distinct from an Examples: Outgroups exist wherever there are aggregate, which consists of people who are in-groups. Simple examples of outgroup includes: temporarily grouped together in an area, perhaps even performing the same things, but do not A. A cucumber and a slice of bread, consider themselves to be members of the same alongside an apple and banana (the group. cucumber and bread are not fruit) B. A window, alongside a chair and table (the TYPE OF GROUP ACCORDING TO MEMBERSHIP window is not a furniture) IN GROUPS Examples of out-groups in everyday life include: - Is a social group to which a person A. non-religious neighbors next-door to a psychologically identifies as being a religious community center (the neighbors member. are not members of the religious - An in-group is a group comprised of community) things, people or other entities that are B. Consumers contracting a small business’s similar to one another. employees to do a project (the consumers - In the case of humans, ingroups are are not part of the employees’ group) defined by beliefs, values and identities. - Within in-groups, there is a shared understanding that there is an element of TYPES OF GROUP ACCORDING TO INFLUENCE commonality amongst group members. Primary Groups - Primary groups involve interaction among Examples: members who have an emotional Ingroups exist across all aspects of life, both in investment or attachment in one another human and non-human settings. Simple and a situation, who know one another examples of ingroups include: intimately and interact as total individuals rather than through specialized roles. They A. Apples and Bananas (they are both fruit) are smaller in number and occur over a B. Chairs and tables (both furniture) long time. Examples of ingroups in every day life include: Examples A. A religious community (shared beliefs) - Examples of relationship under Primary B. A sports team (shared commitment and Group are between friends, husband and goals) wife, parent and child and teacher and C. A small business’s employees (shared pupil. workplace and goals) - Sample groups under primary groups D. A family (shared identity with one another include playgroup, family, as being part of a unit) village/neighborhood and work team FORMS AND FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATION UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL, SOCIETY AND POLITICS STEM 12 | FIRST QUARTER — FIRST SEMESTER | S.Y. ‘23-24 | AGDP Secondary Group - Usually have specific goals , are formally organized and are impersonal. They tend to be larger than the primary group, and its member do not necessarily interact with all members. Examples - Examples of relationship under Secondary Group are between clerk and customer, announcer and listener, performer and spectator and officer and subordinate. - - Sample groups under secondary group include nation, clerical hierarchy, professional association and corporation REFERENCE GROUP - A group or social category that an individual uses to help define beliefs, attitudes, and values and to guide behavior. They provide a comparison against which people measure themselves and others. - Positive reference groups are composed of people we want to emulate. Negative reference groups, on the other hand provide a model we do not wish to follow TYPES OF REFERENCE GROUPS Normative reference group- influence your norms, attitudes, and values through direct interaction. (e.g. Teacher, Siblings, Friends) Comparative reference group- is a group of individuals whom you compare yourself against and may strive to be like. (e.g.Celebrities, Heroes)