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UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS (1st Qtr - 1st Sem) Lesbian - A woman wh...

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS (1st Qtr - 1st Sem) Lesbian - A woman who is emotionally, LESSON 1: HUMAN romantically, or sexually attracted to other women. CULTURAL VARIATION Gay - Men attracted emotionally, romantically, or sexually to men. and SOCIAL Bisexual - A person who is attracted to two DIFFERENCES sexes or two genders, but not necessarily simultaneously or equally. Transgender - People are those whose Human Cultural Variation psychological self “ Gender Identity” differs from the social expectations for the physical sex they were born with. Queer It refers to the differences in social behaviors that different - It is an umbrella term for people who cultures exhibit around the world. What may be are not heterosexual or are not considered good etiquette in one culture may be cisgender considered bad etiquette in another. Intersex - It is a det of medical conditions that feature congenital anomaly of the reproductive and sexual system. Cultural Variation Aromantic/ Asexual - Aromantic refers to people who experience little to no romantic attraction, while asexual people Religion experience little to no sexual - It is an organized system of ideas attraction about the spiritual sphere or the Pansexual Supernatural. - It is a sexual, romantic, or emotional Ethnicity attraction towards people of all - It is the expression of the set of genders, or regardless of their sex or cultural ideas held by a distinct ethics gender identity. or indigenous group. Nationality - It is the legal relationship that binds a person and a Country. Socio-economic Status - It allows the state to protect and have It refers to the social standing or class jurisdiction over a person. of an individual or group. It is often measured as a combination of education, income, and occupation ○ Upper Class ○ Middle Class Social Differences ○ Lower Class - It is the differences among the individuals based Exceptionality on social characteristics and qualities It refers to the state of being intellectually gifted or having physically or mentally challenged conditions. ○ Personality / Behavior Gender ○ Communication (Learning - It is the socially-constructed Disability, Speech characteristics of being male or Impairment, and Hearing female. Problems) - Serve as a guide on how males & ○ Intellect (Mild Intellectual & females think and act about Mental Development themselves. Disabilities) - One’s sense of self as masculine or ○ Physical Appearance feminine, regardless of external (Blind-Low Vision) genitalia. ○ Or combination of more - Socially-constructed characteristics. than one specific - Personality characteristics. exceptionality/disabili ty. SEX - It is biological. - It refers to a person based on their anatomy. - Characteristics tend to differentiate humans as females or males Made by Ash 💗, Mione 🎀, and Iyan 💋1 LESSON 2: The Nature, ○ groups, community, network of a human being Goals, and Perspectives of SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Anthropology, Sociology, ○ how a person inside a society thinks SOCIAL CHANGE and Political Science ○ the study of the development of a society, of a how a person changes ANTHROPOLOGY overtime HUMAN ECOLOGY 1. The study of Man and its various aspects is known as Anthropology. ○ study of environment 2. It may be a subject of science and arts. It is a ○ what kind of environment a person branch of sociology. has 3. It describes human, human behavior and human societies and it examines all societies POPULATION around the world. ○ number of people within a community BRANCHES OF ANTHROPOLOGY BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY POLITICAL SCIENCE ○ anatomical structure It is a branch of sociology; it essentially ○ human’s life deals with the large-scale actions of humans, and group mentality CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY It is a discipline that deals with several aspects such as the study of state and government. It deals with the nature and formation of the ○ Different cultures state and attempts to understand its forms and functions. ARCHAEOLOGY ○ history of a man SUBDIVISIONS OF POLITICAL ○ artifacts, fossils SCIENCE SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY POLITICAL THEORY ○ study of a man belonging to a society ○ how one interacts to another ○ different theories based on theorists ○ example: aristotle’s theory (asking opinions of the majority) LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY ○ authoritative (niccolo machiavelli) ○ Languange, dialects COMPARATIVE POLITICS SOCIOLOGY ○ comparing another one’s government to study of interaction, human society PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Sociology is a social science; it belongs to the family of social sciences. ○ engagement to the public As a social science, focuses its aspects on ○ deals with how the government runs man, his social manners, social activities and social life. The goal of sociology is to help you understand INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS how human action and consciousness both shape and are shaped by the surrounding ○ embassies (ambassadors) cultural and social structures ○ communicate easily to other countries/state ○ helpful for allies, world peace AREAS OF SOCIOLOGY LAW SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ○ rules and regulations set to be followed by people ○ determines what is right and wrong Made by Ash 💗, Mione 🎀, and Iyan 💋2 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES their life-activities and helping each person to fulfill his wishes and accomplish his interests in These are culture, cultural relativism, fieldwork, association with his fellows. human diversity, holism, bio-cultural focus. The four main perspectives of Anthropology are: 2. Structural Point of view ○ cross-cultural or comparative - society is the total social heritage of folkways, emphasis, mores and institutions; of habits, sentiments and ○ evolutionary/historical emphasis, ideals. ○ ecological emphasis, ○ holistic emphasis. SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY It introduces the discipline of sociology, It is a social system. including something about its history, questions, It is relatively large. theory, and scientific methods, and what It socializes its members and those from distinguishes without. It forms other social science disciplines. It endures, produces and sustains its members Sociology includes three major theoretical for generations. perspectives: It holds its members through common culture. ○ the functionalist perspective; It has clearly-defined geographical territory. ○ the conflict perspective; and ○ the symbolic interaction perspective. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF SOCIETY It is used to analyze and explain objects of It provides a system of socialization. social study, and facilitate organizing It provides the basic needs of its members sociological knowledge It regulates and controls people's behavior. In a functionalist perspective, societies are It provides the means of social participation. thought to function like organisms, with various It provides mutual support to the members. social institutions working together like organs to maintain and reproduce societies. POLITICAL SCIENCE PERSPECTIVE DISSOLUTION OF A SOCIETY It studies the tendencies and actions of people 1. When the people kill each other through civil which cannot be easily quantified or examined. revolution. Political science is more focused than most 2. When an outside force exterminates the social sciences. members of the society. It sticks to the political arena and to the realm 3. When the members become apathetic among of politics themselves or have no more sense of belongingness. 4. When a small society is absorbed by a stronger and larger society by means of conquest or territorial absorption. LESSON 3: The Nature 5. When an existing society is submerged in water killing all the people and other living things in it. 6. When the people living in such a society of Culture and Society voluntarily attach themselves to another existing society. SOCIETY CULTURE - A society is a group of people with common territory, interaction, and culture. - According to E.B. Taylor, culture is a complex - It is a group of people living together in definite whole which consist of knowledge, beliefs,ideas, territory, having a sense of belongingness, habits,attitudes, skills, abilities, values, norms, mutually interdependent of each other, and art, law, morals,customs,traditions, feelings and follow a certain way of life. other capabilities of man which are acquired, learnedand socially transmitted by man from one generation to another through language and living together as members of the society 2 TYPES OF SOCIETY (Arcinas, 2016). 1. Functional Point of View - Society is defined as a complex of groups in reciprocal relationships, interacting upon one another, enabling human organisms to carry on Made by Ash 💗, Mione 🎀, and Iyan 💋3 6 Elements of Culture NON-MATERIAL CULTURE - It consists of intangible things. 1. SYMBOLS - refers to anything that is used to stand for something else. It is anything that gives 3 MODES OF ACQUIRING meaning to the culture. CULTURE 2. LANGUAGE 1. IMITATION - Children and adults alike have the tendency to - It is a system of words and symbols used to imitate values,attitudes, language and all other communicate with other people. things in their social environment. 2. INDOCTRINATION OR SUGGESTION - This may take the form of formal training or 3. TECHNOLOGY informal teaching. Formally, the person learns - refers to the application of knowledge and from school. Informally, he may acquire those equipment to ease the task living and behaviors from listening or watching, reading, maintaining the environment attending training activities or through interaction. 3. CONDITIONING 4. VALUES - The values, beliefs,and attitudes of other people are acquired through conditioning. This - are culturally defined standards for what is conditioning can be reinforced through reward good or desirable. and punishment. 5. BELIEFS 7 ADAPTATION OF CULTURE - refers to the faith of an individual. 1. PARALLELISM - means that the same culture may take place in 6. NORMS two or more different places. 2. DIFFUSION - These are specific rules/standards guides for - refers to those behavioral patterns that pass appropriate behavior. back and forth from one culture to another. 3. CONVERGENCE - takes place when two or more cultures are 2 TYPES OF NORMS fused or merged to culture making it different from original culture. a. Proscriptive norm 4. FISSION - define sand tells us things not to do - takes place when people break away from their b. Prescriptive norm original culture and start developing a different - define and tells us things to do culture of their own. 5. ACCULTURATION - refers to the process wherein individuals incorporate the behavioral patterns of other cultures into their own either voluntarily or by 3 FORMS OF NORMS force. 6. ASSIMILATION a. Folkways - occurs when the culture of a larger society is - These are also known as customs adopted by a smaller society,that smaller society (customary/repetitive ways of doing things); they assumes some of the culture of the larger are forms of norms for everyday behavior that society or cost society. people follow for the sake of tradition or 7. ACCOMODATION convenience. - occurs when the larger society and smaller b. Mores society are able to respect and tolerate each - These are strict norms that control moral and other’s culture even if there's already a ethical behaviour; t h e y are based on prolonged contact of each other's culture. definitions of right and wrong. c. Laws - These are controlled ethics and they are morally agreed, written down and enforced by an official law enforcement agency. 5 CAUSES OF CULTURAL CHANGE 1. DISCOVERY 2 Components of Culture - is the process of finding a new place or an object, artefact or anything that previously existed. MATERIAL CULTURE 2. INVENTION - implies a creative mental process of devising, - It consists of tangible things. creating and producing something new,novel or original. Made by Ash 💗, Mione 🎀, and Iyan 💋4 3. DIFFUSION - is the spread of cultural traits or social practices COUNTERCULTURE from a society or group to another belonging to - is a culture practice by groups whose values the same society or to another through direct and norms place it at odds with mainstream contact with each other and exposure to new society or a group that actively rejects the forms. dominant cultural values and norms. Process involving diffusion - Example: a. Paramilitary – It is a a. Acculturation semi-militarized force whose organizational - cultural borrowing and cultural imitation. structure, tactics, training, and functions are b. Assimilation similar to professional military and not included - the blending or fusion of two distinct cultures as a part of formal armed forces like NPA and through long periods of interaction. ISIS groups. c. Amalgamation - the biological or hereditary fusion of members of different societies. d. Enculturation HIGH CULTURE - the deliberate infusion of a culture to another. - It is a culture practiced and patronized by the upper classes of the society. 4. COLONIZATION - Example: watching opera, classical music and - refers to the political,social,and political policy of live theater establishing colonies which would be subject to POPULAR CULTURE the rule or governance of the colonizing state. - It is a culture practiced or patronized by the 5. REBELLION AND REVOLUTIONARY middle and working classes of the society. - movements aim to change the whole social - Example: Watching Soap Opera Over the order and replace the leadership. televisions, movies and rock concerts LESSON 4: IMPORTANCE OF Ethnocentrism CULTURAL - It regards that one’s own culture and society is the center of everything and seen as the most RELATIVISM IN efficient and superior among the cultures in the world. ATTAINING CULTURAL Culture Shock UNDERSTANDING - is the feeling disoriented, uncertain,out of place or even fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture. CULTURAL VARIATION - refers to the rich diversity in social patterns that different human groups exhibit around the world. Cultural Relativism Music, dance, languages,cuisine, and art are different from one culture to another. - is the practice by assessing a culture by its own standards rather that viewing it through the lens of one’s own culture. It is the practice that one must understand in the context of their locality. CULTURAL UNIVERSALS - the view that ethical and social standards reflect the cultural context from which they are derived. - Cultural relativism is the idea that a person's - Are patterns or traits that are globally common beliefs, values, and practices should be to all societies. understood based on that person's own culture rather than be judged against the criteria of another culture. Variation between cultures ADVANTAGES OF CULTURAL RELATIVISM SUBCULTURE - Is a culture that is shared with a distinctive 1. It promotes cooperation pattern of mores, folkways,and values which - Embracing the differences of the differ from a larger society. different societies can create - Example: a. Hanukkah - a jewish festival; b. cooperation because it allows a Cockfighting – It is a blood sport in which two stronger bond with one another in the roosters specifically bred for aggression are society. placed beak to beak in a small ring and encouraged to fight to the death. Made by Ash 💗, Mione 🎀, and Iyan 💋5  2. Respect and Equality is 500,000 years ago in Asia, Africa and Europe. Encouraged ○ This manlike species could walk - People from different cultures with straight with almost the same brain different ideas that share their own as a modern man. perspectives and experiences in the ○ He made refined stone stools for society can promote respect and hunting and weapons for protection of equality. the enemies. 3. It preserves human culture ○ The following are the major - Respect with the diverse set of discovered fossils: a. traditions, ideas and practices would Pithecanthropus Erectus “Java help preserve the culture. Man”–Discovered by Eugene 4. Creates a society without Dubois at Trinil, Java, Indonesia in 1891. judgement ○ b. Sinanthropus Pekinensis - Worrying and practicing your own “Peking Man”– Discovered at culture prevent disagreement & Choukoutien village, Beijing, China judgement in the society in 1929. 4. Species- Homo Sapiens (The Thinking Man) Cultural Change ○ It was believed that this was the direct descendant of modern man - is observed when new opens up new ways of who lived about 250,000 years ago. living and when new ideas enter a culture as a ○ They had similar physical result of globalization. descriptions with modern man. ○ They originated as the primitive men whose activities were largely LESSON 5: Human dependent on hunting, fishing and agriculture. Capacity for Culture ○ They buried their dead, used hand tools and had religion. ○ a. Neanderthal Man–Discovered in Neanderthal valley near Dusseldorf, Germany in 1856 who Evolution lived in cave and dependent in hunting and fishing. ○ b. Cro-Magnon Man– Discovered - Evolution is a natural process of biological by a French archaeologist Louis changes occurring in a population across Lartet in the Cro Magnon Cave in successive generations (Banaag, 2012 p.31). Southern France. It was believed to - It helps us identify and analyze man’s live in Europe, Asia and Africa. physiological development and eventually the emergence of different society. Cultural and Sociopolitical Human Biocultural Evolution Development 1. Species - Hominids (Manlike Paleolithic Period (Old Stone Primates Age) ○ The development of the different ○ 3 million years to 8,000 B.C. species of primates which were able ○ Use of simple pebble tools. to evolve 40 million years ago. ○ Learned to live in caves. ○ There have been various relics of ○ Discovered the use of fires. hominids which could be described as ○ Developed small sculptures; and manlike primates. monumental painting, incised designs, ○ They are Ramapithecus, Lucy and and reliefs on the wall of caves. Australopithecus. ○ “Food-collecting cultures” 2. Species- Homo Habilis (The Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) Handy Man) ○ Occurred sometime about 10,000 ○ The apelike men who first to used BCE stone tools ○ Stone tools were shaped by polishing ○ as weapons and protection of their or grinding. enemies. ○ Settlement in permanent villages. ○ They are recognized as the first true ○ Dependence on domesticated plants human. or animals. ○ Lived about 2.4 to 1.4 million years ○ Appearance of such crafts as pottery ago. and weaving. ○ “Food-producing cultures” 3. Species- Homo Erectus (The Age of Metals Upright Man) ○ 4,000 B.C. – 1,500 B.C ○ It was believed to be the first ○ The used of metal such as bronze, man-like creature that lived about copper, and iron produced a new Made by Ash 💗, Mione 🎀, and Iyan 💋6  Groups historical development form cradles civilization of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, including India and China which later on spread throughout - It is consisting of two or more people who are Asia. bound together in relatively stable patterns of ○ The civilization which defines to a social interaction and who share a feeling of more developed social, cultural, unity. political and economic system. ○ It had already direct contacts through tribes, kingdoms, empire and later on state which the constant political activities were through conquest,wars Factors that Influence and trade. Groups 1. Motivational shared by individuals The Early Types of Society 2. Size of the Group 3. Type of group goals 4. The kind of a group cohesion/unity Two (2) Classifications of Groups 1. Primary Groups personal and intimate relationship face to face communication permanence duration a strong sense of loyalty or “we” feeling small in size informal structure 2. Secondary Groups Large impersonal, aloof relationship indirect communication LESSON 6: temporary duration weak group cohesiveness based on self-interest SOCIALIZATION AND rational decision-making formal structure SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE THEORY Three (3) Types of Group Boundaries Socialization 1. IN-GROUP - It concerns both social structure and interpersonal relations. - The members are loyal to each other and share common norms, activities, goals and background. Gender Stereotypes 2. OUT-GROUP - It also bear strong influence on socialization processes. - viewed as outsiders - Cultural expectations for gender roles and - Members of the in-group have feelings of gendered behavior are conveyed to children strangeness, dislikes, avoidance, antagonism, through color- coded clothes and sorts of game. indifference and even hatred toward the out-group Made by Ash 💗, Mione 🎀, and Iyan 💋7 3. REFERENCE GROUP Symbolic Interactionist - Group that is significant to us as models even though we ourselves may not be a part of the group. Theory - Symbolic Interactionist Theory is a micro-level theory that focuses on meanings attached to Sociological Perspective of human interaction, both verbal and non-verbal, and to symbols. - Communication—the exchange of meaning Society through language and symbols—is believed to be the way in which people make sense of their social worlds. - Charles Horton Cooley introduced the looking-glass self (1902) to describe how a person’s self of self grows out of interactions with others. - He proposed a threefold process for this development: 1) we see how others react to us, 2) we interpret that reaction (typically as positive or negative) 3) we develop a sense of self based on those interpretations. “Looking-glass” is an archaic term for a mirror, so Cooley theorized that we “see” ourselves when we interact with others. - The focus on the importance of interaction in building a society led sociologists like Erving Structural-functional theory Goffman (1922–1982) to develop a technique called dramaturgical analysis. - Structural-functional theory, also called - Goffman used theater as an analogy for social functionalism, sees society as a structure with interaction and recognized that people’s interrelated parts designed to meet the interactions showed patterns of cultural “scripts”. biological and social needs of the individuals in - Since it can be unclear what part a person may that society. play in a given situation, as we all occupy - Functionalism grew out of the writings of English multiple roles in a given day, one has to philosopher and biologist, Hebert Spencer improvise his or her role as the situation unfolds (1820–1903), who saw similarities between (Goffman 1958). society and the human body. - He argued that just as the various organs of the body work together to keep the body functioning, the various parts of society work together to keep society functioning (Spencer 1898). - The parts of society that Spencer referred to were the social institutions, or patterns of beliefs and behaviors focused on meeting social needs, such as government, education, family, healthcare, religion, and the economy. Conflict Theory - This perspective is a macro-level approach most identified with the writings of German philosopher and sociologist Karl Marx (1818–1883) - He saw society as being made up of two classes, the bourgeoisie (capitalist) and the proletariat (workers), who must compete for social, material, and political resources such as food and housing, employment, education, and leisure time. - Ida B. Wells articulated the conflict perspective when she theorized a connection between an increase in lynching and an increase in black socio-economic mobility in the United States from the late 1800s into the mid-20th century. - She also examined competition within the feminist movement as women fought for the right to vote. Made by Ash 💗, Mione 🎀, and Iyan 💋8