The Contemporary World and Globalization PDF

The Contemporary World and Globalization GE TCW [ The Contemporary World ]  Introduction Contemporary world – often described in terms of “globalization” New challenges transcend national borders and demand global collective action Globalization: a...

The Contemporary World and Globalization GE TCW [ The Contemporary World ]  Introduction Contemporary world – often described in terms of “globalization” New challenges transcend national borders and demand global collective action Globalization: a contested concept – What exactly is it? – What does it encompass? What drives it? – Does it represent a novel and completely unprecedented phenomenon?  Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson, learners are expected to: 1. Define globalization; 2. Identify the economic, political, and social dimensions of globalization; 3. Describe the character of contemporary globalization; 4. Discuss competing views of globalization; and 5. Evaluate the historical factors that help shape contemporary globalization  Defining Globalization Disagreements on the concept of globalization – Is it purely an economic phenomenon? Is it with a single or multiple dimensions? Does it represent a process, condition, process, system, or force? Trajectory? – Creating homogeneity or heterogeneity? – Is it done or is moving forward?  Case Study 1. Definitions of Globalization Globalization is various defined as: – “a multidimensional set of social processes that create, multiply, stretch, and intensify worldwide social interdependencies and exchanges” (Steger, 2003) – “the shrinkage of distance on a large scale. It can be contrasted with localization, nationalization, or regionalization”(Keohane & Nye, 2000)  Case Study 1. Definitions of Globalization Globalization is various defined as: – “the international integration of markets of goods, services, and capital” (Garrett, 2000) – “the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa” (Giddens, 1990)  Defining Globalization Globalization – term usually used to describe a pattern of growing interconnectedness of individuals and groups, whether in economic, political or social realms Marshall McLuhan: Because of globalization, the world is reduced into a global village – Imagery that the world is shrinking  Defining Globalization Globalization – may be defined as “the widening, deepening and speeding up of global interconnectedness” such that events and interactions in one place have growing impact on people elsewhere Equally important dimensions of globalization other than economic: military, social, cultural, etc.  Defining Globalization Contemporary globalization is arguably distinct in terms of scope, intensity, velocity, and impact Contemporary globalization is considered as “thick globalization”: one with high extensity, high intensity, high velocity, and high impact  Case Study 2. Globalization Index It ranks states/economies in four categories: (1) economic integration, (2) political engagement, (3) technological connectivity, and (4) personal contact. In 2015, the Philippines ranks 70th overall, falling behind Vietnam (66th), Thailand (37th), and Malaysia (10th). It ranks 121st in economic globalization, 44th in political globalization, and 119th in social globalization.  Defining Globalization In terms of scope, contemporary globalization is diffuse or spread out In the past, commerce involved mainly the Western Hemisphere and their colonies Today, many economic, political and social interactions take place in different corners of the globe, with more actors taking part simultaneously  Case Study 3. Tourism and Globalization Globalization presents opportunities to the tourism industry. More and more foreign and local tourists get to travel to different destinations because of ease of travel and increased awareness of tour sites. The image shows an American UN Command Force officer orienting the tourists about the Korean War and the Demilitarized Zone.  Defining Globalization In terms of intensity, there are greater interconnectedness and more patterns of interaction In the past, interaction was limited (e.g. trade, conquest) Today, globalization entails not only opening of markets but also interaction between different actors on different issues, facilitated by advancements in communication and travel  Defining Globalization In terms of speed, contemporary globalization is fast and fluid In the past, interaction could take so long Today, many interactions occur instantly Advancements in communication and travel speed up global diffusion of people, goods, services, ideas and technology  Defining Globalization In terms of impact, globalization presents both opportunities and challenges In the past, the distinction between the local and the global was clear Today, impact of distant events is magnified while even the most local developments may come to have enormous global consequences  The Globalization Debate Three dominant views on globalization: 1. Hyperglobalist view; 2. Skeptical view; and 3. Transformationalist view  The Globalization Debate 1. Hyperglobalist View – Globalization has de-nationalized human affairs – In the past, framework of human affairs was the state, but in a global age, the state will be replaced by institutions of global governance – As a result, the power of national governments is eroded or weakened  The Globalization Debate 2. Skeptical View – Dismisses the contention that the state is irrelevant – Instead, it argues that national governments are essential to globalization – Globalization proceeds only with acquiescence and support of states – In fact, it suggests that the world now is less globalized than in the 19th century  The Globalization Debate 3. Transformationalist View – Occupies the middle ground in the globalization debate – Globalization is reshaping the international order, but the state is no longer the only actor – Other that states, there are international organizations and non- governmental organizations  Case Study 4. Globophilia and Globophobia Individuals are polarized on whether globalization brings more good than harm. – Globophilia is a perspective that affirms the benefits and necessity of globalization, while globophobia is that which denies them. – Globophilia emphasizes the role of markets and technology in bringing solutions to age-old problems such as poverty and conflicts, while globophobia points out the adverse consequences of market-driven interconnectedness on local economies, cultures, and the environment. Historical Background of Globalization Pre-World War I Period – Discovery of the Americas and the Moluccas – Classical Gold Standard – facilitated growth of international trade – British Industrial Revolution – characterized by scientific advances and technological innovations that fueled economic expansion  Case Study 5. Spanish Colonization in the Philippines The paintings on the octagon ceiling of the Magellan’s Cross in Cebu depict the arrival of navigator Ferdinand Magellan, who headed the first Spanish foray to the Philippines, and the planting of the cross. Spanish rule in the Philippines lasted for over three centuries. The Spaniards initially viewed the islands as key to the riches of the East Indies, but even after the Portuguese and Dutch came to dominate the spice trade, they continued their rule over the islands. Historical Background of Globalization Pre-World War I Period – World War I saw a downward trend in economic, political and social globalization – Economic nationalism closed down states from the international economy – States disengaged from the Classical Gold Standard Historical Background of Globalization Interwar Period – There was attempt to revive pre-World War I status quo, and states adopted the Gold Exchange Standard, which worked like the Classical Gold Standard – Developments in global governance: Creation of the League of Nations – Until World War II broke out  Case Study 6. World War II Leyte Landing Gen. Douglas MacArthur and staff, accompanied by Philippine President Sergio Osmeña, made an amphibious landing in the shores of Leyte. Gen. MacArthur was the commander of the United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) that fought against the Japanese forces in the Philippines toward the end of World War II. The images are on display at Hotel Alejandro gallery in Leyte. Historical Background of Globalization Post-World War II and Cold War Period – International institutions were in put in place: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and World Bank – United Nations was created to replace the League – But at the same time, the US and Soviet Union became superpower rivals that represented two polar ideologies, capitalism and communism, respectively Historical Background of Globalization Post-World War II and Cold War Period – Legacy of the Cold War period: upsurge in non-traditional issues – environmental degradation, civil wars, influx of refugees Historical Background of Globalization Post-Cold War Period (Present) – Globalization received a particular boost – International institutions facilitate economic relations, socialist states transitioned to democracy, global firms continue to produce consumer goods and services, etc. – Global governance continues across a wide range of issue-areas, all of which shaping and being shaped by globalization – e.g. security, environment, economy  Case Study 7. The Philippines at the Nuclear Security Summit The Philippines participates in global security governance. Image shows the seat for the Philippines at the 2012 Nuclear Security Summit held in Seoul, South Korea. Vice President Jejomar Binay represented the country. Started in 2010, the Nuclear Security Summit gathers world leaders to discuss issues concerning nuclear security and safety, peaceful use of nuclear energy, and prevention of nuclear terrorism.