Lesson 1: The Concept of Globalization PDF

Lesson 1: The Concept of Globalization  Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: ❑ Define what Globalization is and what it stands for in our Contemporary World. ❑ Differentiates the competing conceptions of Globalization an...

Lesson 1: The Concept of Globalization  Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: ❑ Define what Globalization is and what it stands for in our Contemporary World. ❑ Differentiates the competing conceptions of Globalization and undermine the various schools of thought and paradigms on Globalization. ❑ Understand the raison d’etre (reason/justification for existence) of Globalization; its goals and aspirations. ❑ Equip students with 21st century learning and develop higher order thinking skills that will lead towards a deeper understanding of Globalization and its role in the world; in the Philippine society as well as its role in the formation of students in relation to their future professions.  THE MEANING OF GLOBALIZATION through CONCEPTUALIZATION  INSTRUCTIONS: The major concept that you will use in the conceptualization process is globalization: 1. Think of words/concepts that you can attribute to globalization; 2. Make a list of the words/concepts that you have identified; 3. Connect these (concept map) and write a short discussion about the relationship of the words/concepts.  1. Relate the connected concepts to the following framework. 2. Explain the connection to the next flowchart/paradigm.  Defining Globalization The term “globalization has several contending meanings. We can rundown some of the widely accepted definitions of globalization to prove this point. Globalization refers to the ongoing process of increasing interconnectedness, integration, and interdependence among individuals, businesses, nations, and economies worldwide. It is a multifaceted phenomenon characterized by the exchange of goods, services, information, technology, capital, and ideas across national boundaries. Globalization is the increasingly interaction of people, states, or countries through the growth of the international flow of money, ideas, and culture. It is the liberalization of countries of their impact protocols and welcome foreign investment into sectors that are the mainstays of its economy.  Indicators of Globalization The jet engine, the internet, e-banking, e-books, e-bike, the LRT, MRT and other inventions of science and technology are attributable to the spread of globalization. These are the some of the modern offspring of development in our infrastructure system. These improvements that people enjoy today in this contemporary world have been major factors in globalization which have generated further interdependence in economic and cultural activities among nations. Furthermore, environmental challenges such as global warming, cross-boundary water, air pollution, and over-fishing of the ocean are linked with globalization. Globalizing processes affect and are affected by business and work organization, economics, socio-cultural resources, and the natural environment.  Does globalization exist?” In the SAGE Handbook, Steger says no and yes. These answers are polarized, and each one is supported with approaches and specific arguments. They can be summarized in the statement below: NO: Globalization as “Globaloney” Globalization does not exist—this is the bottom line of the proponents of this approach. They conclude that the existing accounts of globalization are incorrect, imprecise, or exaggerated, pointing out as proof the indiscriminate way that “just about everything that can be linked to some transnational process is cited as evidence for globalization and its growing influence.” Therefore, the proponents dismiss the discussion of globalization as nothing more than baloney. The “globaloney” advocates are driving home the point that globalization is really not that substantive and distinct as claimed; it is a cliché because anything and everything can be considered connected in some way—in a small or large amount, in a weak or strong form, and in a direct or indirect way—to anything that is international in nature. To begin understanding this social-scientific concept, one must break it down into essential parts. With globalization as an extensively studied subject matter, schools of thought have taken shape that can help the beginner student, or the “uninitiated,” to digest its multiplicity as a concept, fact, or event, and even postulate the alternative view that it does not exist. Globalization processes in the modern world challenging the national economy development (Kasych & Vochozka, 2019). Read and understand this article; Write your own synthesis; Content of the synthesis: ---three processes of understanding globalization, ---identify the core points (methodological and analytical aspects of the globalization processes development), ---difference between ecological and cultural globalization, ---negative and positive impacts of globalization  YES: Globalization as an Economic, Political Process, or Cultural Process Globalization, as an economic process, refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries through the exchange of goods, services, capital, technology, and information on a global scale. It has been a defining feature of the contemporary world and has significantly influenced economic systems, policies, and practices worldwide. Globalization, as a political process, refers to the growing interdependence and influence of political actors, institutions, and policies on a global scale. It involves the interactions and coordination of governments, international organizations, non-state actors, and citizens across borders in addressing global challenges and shaping global governance structures. Globalization has significantly impacted political systems, ideologies, and dynamics in the contemporary world. Globalization, as a cultural process, refers to the diffusion, exchange, and blending of cultural practices, values, beliefs, ideas, and expressions on a global scale. It involves the interconnectedness and interaction of cultures across borders, leading to the creation of a global cultural landscape. In the contemporary world, globalization has had a profound impact on cultural identities, practices, and experiences. The Importance of Studying Globalization In today’s contemporary world, it is important for students to understand and appreciate the study of globalization for the following reasons: There is a greater demand in business and industry, health, engineering and technology to have people who can work with people of other nations and cultures. There is a greater demand of promoting the local business and industry to other countries and if need be, owners travel independently and internationally for a better promotion. Creating meaningful harmonious, and workable relationship that link globally is an important aspect of the merits of globalization, especially if one wish to be the President of the future generation. The Importance of Studying Globalization The contemporary world faces global challenges that will take interdisciplinary groups to solve these challenges: These challenges are how to provide access to clean water, a clean environment, clean renewable energy that is affordable to everyone, and how to deal with the unpredictable climate change just to name a few. These global challenges need to be solved as soon as possible through the gathering and sharing of information across disciplines, institutions, and other entities on a global scale –how is this possible? Knowledge of the merits, demerits, and reasons for globalization will enable the students to work as models of collaborative international teams in the near future along with the areas of business, education, health, science, arts, engineering, and hotel industries, and discuss best products in these areas.  The Importance of Globalization for Everyone According to Neil Kokemuller (n.d.), a writer, globalization is the expansion of local economies and businesses into a broader international marketplace. WHY? small businesses have gotten active in the global environment as the Internet and mobile technology have enabled communication across continents and countries. Globalization has become important for a number of reasons, including the overall need for businesses to compete, according to Kokemuller. The internet revolutionized the business arena because it created a whole new virtual marketplace that expands beyond physical and geographical boundaries. Companies in foreign countries can now compete for customers in the United States by leveraging their own country’s resources, lower costs of labor, and affordable distribution processes---EX.: rise in the number of multinational and transnational corporations in the country.  The Importance of Globalization for Everyone In the same way, U.S companies have the opportunity to appeal to customers in the Philippines and other countries by promoting their goods and services. Competition Even if you want to avoid the globalization movement, you often have no choice but to compete. The influx of foreign competitors in the U.S. limits the number of companies in some industries that can succeed domestically. In the same way, if your competitors expand globally, you have to consider following suit. Any money other companies make in foreign markets, they can bring back to the United States and invest it in promoting their brands, products and services domestically.  Reasons for Globalization Why do we have to globalize especially in this contemporary world? Here are the reasons: Rapid shrinking of time and distance across the globe. One can easily cross the bridge going to the other side of the marketplace due to advanced tools of technology than before. Domestic markets are no longer rich as a consequence of many interlocking factors. Companies and institutions go global to find political and economic stability which is relatively good in other countries than the country of origin To get technological and managerial know-how of other countries due to their advancement in science, technology, education, health, and other fields of discipline.  Reasons for Globalization To reduce high transportation costs if one goes globally using the advance tools of communication and information. To be close to raw materials and to markets for their finished products which are not available in the country of origin The creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) had made it possible in stimulating increased cross border trade  Globalization has been responsible for remarkable changes in the 20th century. It is one of the most widely spread recent cultural, social, economic, and political phenomenon which has strongly marked the discourse of the humanities and social sciences. This new, not-yet constituted era poses multiple challenges in which there is room for novel theoretical paradigm in this new emerging world. The concept of globalization has only recently been widely accepted and adapted – words like global, globality, globalization, globalism as well as the concepts of global market, global ecology, global citizen, its more truly unknown up to the very end of the 20th century. What can a company or an institution gets from globalization? WHAT ABOUT THE PEOPLE?  Advantages of Globalization Economic Growth: Increased Trade and Investment: Globalization opens up markets, allowing for increased trade and investment flows. This can lead to higher economic growth and job creation in participating countries​. Access to Resources and Markets: Access to Resources and Markets: Countries can access a wider variety of goods, services, and resources that they might not have domestically, improving standards of living.  Advantages of Globalization Improved Technology and Knowledge Transfer: Innovation Spread: Advances in technology and knowledge can spread more rapidly across borders, leading to improvements in productivity and innovation globally. Cultural Exchange: Diverse Perspectives: Globalization fosters cultural exchange and understanding by exposing people to different ways of life, ideas, and values. This can enhance cultural diversity and promote peace and understanding.  Disadvantages of Globalization Economic Disparities: Inequality: Globalization can exacerbate income inequality within and between countries. Wealthier nations and individuals often benefit more than poorer ones, leading to a widening gap between the rich and the poor​. Job Displacement: While globalization can create jobs, it can also lead to job losses in industries that cannot compete with international competition. This can result in significant economic and social disruption in affected regions.  Disadvantages of Globalization Cultural Homogenization: Loss of Local Cultures: The spread of global brands and Western culture can undermine and erode local cultures and traditions. This can lead to cultural homogenization, where unique cultural identities are diminished. Environmental Impact: Resource Exploitation: Increased industrial activity and trade can lead to over-exploitation of natural resources and environmental degradation. Pollution: Global transportation and industrial activities contribute significantly to pollution and climate change, posing long-term environmental challenges​ (McKinsey & Company)​​ (unfoundation.org)​.  LET US REVIEW: What is a theory? What are theories for? Why are theories important in the discussion of globalization?  Theoretical Paradigms of Globalization World-System Theory – a perspective that globalization is essentially the expansion of the capitalist system around the globe. Capitalist world-system originated in the 16th century, when European’s traders established enduring connections with Asia, Africa and the America. The core of the system, the dominant classes were supported by strong states as they exploited labor, resources, and trade opportunities, most notably in peripheral areas. Central purpose is capital accumulation by competing firms, which go through cycles of growth and decline. Immanuel Wallerstein, the principal proponent of the World System Theory tends to view globalization not as a recent phenomenon but as virtually synonymous with the birth and spread of world capitalism.  Theoretical Paradigms of Globalization World Polity Theory – state remains an important component of world society, but primarily attention goes to the global cultural and organization. All-encompassing world-polity and its associated with world culture, which supplies a set of cultural rules or scripts that specify how institution around the world should deal with common problem. Key elements is a general, globally legitimated model of how to form a state. Carriers of global principles, these organizations then help to build and elaborate world culture and world society further.  Theoretical Paradigms of Globalization World Culture Theory – the world culture is indeed new and important, but less homogeneous than world polity. Globalization is a process of relativization. World society thus consists of a complex set of relationships among multiple units in the global field. Globalization compresses the world into a single entity, and people necessarily become more and more aware of their relationship to this global presence. Central importance to this process is the problem of globality how to make living together in one global system meaningful or even possible.  Misconceptions about Globalization Jan Aart Scholte, a prominent scholar on globalization, addresses several common misconceptions about globalization in his works. Here are a few key misconceptions according to Scholte: 1. Globalization Equals Westernization/Americanization: One widespread misconception is that globalization is synonymous with the spread of Western, particularly American, culture and values. Scholte argues that while Western influences are significant, globalization is a more complex and multifaceted process that involves interactions and integrations among diverse cultures worldwide. It’s not a one-way imposition of Western norms but a dynamic exchange that can also lead to the prominence of non- Western cultural elements.  Misconceptions about Globalization 2. Globalization is a New Phenomenon: Another misconception is that globalization is a recent development, emerging only in the late 20th century. Scholte points out that while the current phase of globalization is unique in its intensity and scope, the process of global interconnectedness has been ongoing for centuries, with historical instances such as the Silk Road and colonial empires. 3. Globalization Leads to Homogenization: Many believe that globalization results in a uniform global culture. Scholte counters this by highlighting that globalization can also enhance cultural diversity. Local cultures adapt and reinterpret global influences in unique ways, leading to a fusion of global and local elements (often referred to as "glocalization").  Misconceptions about Globalization 4. Globalization is Only About Economics: Scholte notes that a common misunderstanding is to view globalization solely through an economic lens, focusing on trade, investment, and market integration. He emphasizes that globalization also encompasses significant social, political, cultural, and environmental dimensions. It affects aspects like global governance, identity, and social movements. 5. Globalization is Inevitable and Irreversible: There is a belief that globalization is an unstoppable force driven solely by technological advancements. Scholte argues that globalization is shaped by human choices and policies. It can be directed and managed in various ways, and it is subject to resistance and reform.  Misconceptions about Globalization 6. Globalization Benefits Everyone Equally: A critical misconception is that globalization leads to widespread and evenly distributed benefits. Scholte points out that globalization often creates winners and losers, exacerbating inequalities within and between countries. The benefits of globalization are not automatically or equally shared, leading to significant socio-economic disparities. THE END  (I) Application Exercises Part 1: True/False Questions (10 points) Indicate whether each statement is true or false. Provide a brief explanation for your answer (1-2 sentences). 1.Globalization is the same as Westernization. 2.Globalization began in the late 20th century. 3.Cultural homogenization is an inevitable result of globalization. 4.The impacts of globalization are felt only in the economic sector. 5.Technological advancements are the sole drivers of globalization.  (ii) Application Exercises Part 2: Short Essay (25 points) Write a short essay (300-400 words) on the following topic: "The Impact of Globalization on Local Cultures: Benefits and Challenges" In your essay, consider the following points: Provide a definition of globalization. Discuss both positive and negative impacts of globalization on local cultures. Include specific examples to illustrate your points. Conclude with your thoughts on how local cultures can preserve their uniqueness in a globalized world.  (iii) Application Exercises Part 3: Part 2: Open-Ended Questions (15 points) Answer the following questions in 2-3 sentences each. 1.What is one common misconception about globalization, and why is it incorrect? 2.Describe how globalization can lead to cultural diversity rather than homogenization. 3.How can globalization exacerbate inequalities within and between nations? Provide an example. 4.Explain the concept of "glocalization" and provide an example. 5.Discuss one way that governments can influence the course of globalization.  THANK YOU "The world is flat, and anyone with smarts, access to Google, and a cheap wireless laptop can join the innovation fray." — The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century Thomas L. Friedman Prepared by: Derek Verzosa MPA LPT (PhD On-going)