Psych 1000 – 575: Introduction to Psychology Lesson 1 PDF

 Psych 1000 – 575 Introduction to Psychology Dr. Shelley Cross-Mellor [email protected] Virtual Office Hour: Wednesdays 11am-12pm (see OWL for zoom link) & by appointment Required Textbook with Connect: Psychology: Frontiers and App...

 Psych 1000 – 575 Introduction to Psychology Dr. Shelley Cross-Mellor [email protected] Virtual Office Hour: Wednesdays 11am-12pm (see OWL for zoom link) & by appointment Required Textbook with Connect: Psychology: Frontiers and Applications (8th Canadian Edition), 2023 Authors: Passer, Smith Atkinson, Mitchell, and Muir CONNECT – online study guide, practice questions, videos, animations - access code included with new text Lecture outlines will be posted on course website on OWL – under each chapter  Evaluation Fall Midterm: Tuesday October 22nd - 15% -Based on Chpts 1-4 + Appendix + classes Mid-Year Exam: December 9-22 – 25% -Based on Chpts 1-8 + classes Spring Midterm: Tuesday February 11th - 15% -Based on Chpts 9-12 + classes Final Exam: April 7-30 – 25% -Based on Chpts 9-17 + classes Online Chapter Quizzes – 10% - See deadlines on course outline Infographic Assignment – 10% : Mon. Mar. 17 (12pm) - based on material to date; details on OWL  Online Chapter Quizzes On CONNECT Due Dates: – Unit 1 (Chpts 1-4) – due Sun. Oct. 20; 11:59pm – Unit 2 (Chpts 5-8) – due Fri. Dec. 6; 11:59pm – Unit 3 (Chpts 9-12) – due Sun. Feb. 9; 11:59pm – Unit 4 (Chpts 13-17) – due Fri. Apr. 4; 11:59pm Ideally you should be completing these weekly!  Bonus (5%) If you have earned at least 50% on your exams you can earn an easy BONUS 5% Research Participation – Opportunity to be involved in the research process to see how Psych research is performed – Can participate in up to 2 studies (2.5% each) – Answer short questionnaire afterwards (posted on OWL) and hand in to me or upload to OWL – Sign-up online – details to follow! All participation must be completed by March 28th  Psychology: The Science of Behaviour Chapter 1  What is Psychology? Science of behaviour and factors that influence it What is behaviour? 2 components: 1. Observable Actions 2. Mental Processes ↳ Memory ↳ Learning ↳ Language ↳ Decision making ↳ Attention ↳ Perception  Areas of Specialty - Psychology – Clinical Psychology – Counselling Psychology – Experimental Psychology Biopsychology, Social Psychology, Personality, Cognitive Psychology – Educational Psychology – Developmental Psychology – Industrial/Organizational Psychology – Psychometric Psychology 8  What’s the Difference Between a Psychologist and Psychiatrist? Psychologists __________________ PhB – Usually ______ – Cannot prescribe drugs – Clinical Psychologists – interested in psychotherapy, often specialize in specific therapy & Psychiatrists ______________________ M D. – _____. – Plus training in treatment of mental disorders – May prescribe drugs for patients  4 Goals of Psychology AKA DEP-C Describe behaviour & mental processes 1. __________ D Explain/understand causes of these 2. __________________ E behaviours Predict 3. ____________ behaviours P Influence/control behaviours under certain 4. _________________ conditions C 10  Knowledge for its Basic own sake Research Solutions to Applied practical problems Research 11  Robber’s Cave Experiment  11 yr old boys at camp  Eagles & Rattlers  Experimenters set up competitive contests, created hostility and discrimination  Hostility reduced when put in situations where 2 groups had to cooperate to accomplish goals ______________ 12  Applied __________ Research in Action Jigsaw classrooms  __________________  Cooperation between multiethnic groups was required  Each child given “piece” of total knowledge to be↑ learned  For group to pass – they - must fit “pieces” together as if working on jigsaw piece 13 What is Psychology? What Factors Influence Behaviour? 3 Basic Categories: – Biological – Psychological – Environmental 14  Charles Whitman ______________– Levels of Analysis What are factors that influence behaviour? › Biological?  Tumor in amygdala › Individual/Psychological? "Unusual and irrational thoughts" "Overwhelming violent impulses" › Environmental? "Exposure to guns" Abusive father Felt rejected by doctors 15 3 Levels of Analysis Example - Depression  Sadness, grief or “blues” for long periods of times  Often accompanied by loss of appetite, sleep difficulties  Thoughts of hopelessness and inability to experience pleasure  Affects 1:4 women, 1:8 men (US) 16 Depression – Biological Influences - physical Sickness or disease - Genes - Disruption of cycle sleep-wake - Brain Chemistry 17  Depression – Psychological Influences - Trauma - Negative thought patterns and distortions - personality traits of loneliness Feelings , - inadequacy 18 Depression – Environmental Influences around them - people conditions -Living - Home life losses rejections , - , and deprivation factors - Cultural 19  Perspectives Behaviour has diverse causes – These differing perspectives enrich our understanding 20  Biological 1. ______________ Perspective What is psychological is first physiological Roles of: – Brain structures & function – Biochemical processes – Genetic factors 21  Monism Mind-bodydualism __________________ ________________ › Mind = spiritual entity › Mental events are a product of physical › Not subject to physical events laws › Can be studied › Cannot be studied 22  Localization Issue __________________ Specific brain areas have specific functions Phineas Gage Personality ________ resides within the brain _____________________ Evolutionary Psychology -  Charles Darwin  Possible to explain origins of humanity without requiring religion - 24 Legacy of Darwin NaturalSelection _______________ If trait gives some members a competitive advantage (attract mates, escape danger, acquire food) – more likely to survive and pass on their genes 25 Behavioural Genetics & Sociobiology Behaviours that increase ability to pass on one’s genes to next generation = favoured – Males: Aggression competition dominance , , – Females: Cooperative, nurturing behaviour 26  Cognitive Perspective mental Focus = how ________________ influence processes motives, emotions, behaviours? Humans are: › Information processors › Problem solvers › Decision Makers 27 Wilhelm Wundt – 1st ψ lab (1879) – Established psychology as ‘unique branch of science’ basic elements of – Sensations = _____________ conscious experience – Determine structure of mind analytic introspection through ______________ – Structuralism – _______________________ Analysis of the mind in terms of its basic elements 28  Cognitive Functionalism _______________ Argued psychology should study the functions of beh’r and the mind Study the ‘why’ not the ‘what’ - William James (1842-1910) wrote first “psychology” textbook in 1890  Cognitive Gestalt Psychology ________________  How elements of experience are organized into wholes  Interested in perception Gestalt = “Whole is greater than sum of its parts.”  __________ 30  Cognitive Piaget ____________ – Children not “miniature adults” – Specific stages of cognitive development unfold as children mature – Considered one of 100 most influential scientists of 20th century 31  Cognitive Influences various therapeutic __________ approaches to psychological disorders Ellis & Beck irrational thoughts and – Depression is result of ________________ distortions 32  Cognitive Neuroscience _______________________ – Examines brain activity in humans while performing cognitive tasks – Encompasses biological perspective Dr. Adrian Owen, UWO Canada Excellence Research Chair Cognitive Neuroscience 33  Psychodynamic Problems result from ____________ unconcious and unresolved past conflicts Comes out in dreams and “slips of the tongue” defense mechanisms as We develop _________________ a way to cope with the anxiety Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Developed psychoanalysis 34  Behavioural Environmental influences behaviour _______________ Focus on role of external environment Effects of rewards and punishments 35  Behavioural John Locke (1632 – 1704) British Empiricist – _____________ – Saw the mind as receptive and passive, with its main goal as sensing and perceiving Tabula rasa we are – _____________– born as a blank slate, everything we know is learned 36  John B. Watson and the Rule of Behaviorism “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well- formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select...” John B. Watson, 1924  Watson; Skinner – Observable beh’r important – mental events NOT ________________ – Beh’r controlled by environment – Control environment then you can control beh’r behavioural modification Beginning of _____________ therapy 38  Humanistic Emphasizes: – Conscious motives – Freedom – Choice self-actualization – _________________ Reaching one’s individual potential – Abraham Maslow self – Carl Rogers – _______ esteem ______ & self concept 39  sociocultural culture = lasting values, beliefs, beh’rs, ____________ traditions Focus is on: › Role of culture in beh’r Norms › _____________= rules that specify what is acceptable and expected beh’r for members of that group › How beh’r differs as being part of a group vs individually 40  Sociocultural Individualism _______________ Collectivism ______________ – Emphasize personal – Individual goals goals subordinate to group – self-identity based on – personal identity one’s own attributes/ defined by ties to achievements family – North America & – Asia, Africa, & South Northern Europe America 41  Perspectives Cognitive Psychodynamic Thought processes Unconcscious processes Sociocultural Behavioural Social forces, culture Learned behaviour Biological Humanistic Genes, brain processes Striving to achieve 42 ACTIVITY TIME 43 Reminder – Complete Chapter 1 Assignment on Connect! 44