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Questions and Answers
Which area of specialty in psychology focuses on the treatment of mental disorders and can prescribe medication?
Which goal of psychology is primarily concerned with understanding the origins of behaviors?
What is one key difference between psychologists and psychiatrists?
Which of the following is NOT an area of specialty in psychology?
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What is the focus of Industrial/Organizational Psychology?
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What was the primary purpose of the Robber’s Cave Experiment?
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In Jigsaw classrooms, what is necessary for the group to successfully complete their task?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic categories that influence behavior?
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What factor was identified as influencing Charles Whitman’s behavior in the context provided?
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What type of research emphasizes solutions to practical problems?
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Which factor is least likely to contribute to psychological influences leading to depression?
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What aspect of depression is often accompanied by difficulty experiencing pleasure?
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Which is a potential environmental influence on depression?
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What percentage of men in the US is affected by depression according to the data provided?
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Which biological factor could influence the experience of depression?
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What does the concept of monism imply about mental events?
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Which perspective emphasizes the role of specific brain areas in determining functions?
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In the context of evolutionary psychology, what factor contributes to the survival of traits?
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According to behavioral genetics, which of the following behaviors is more favored in males?
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Which aspect is highlighted in the cognitive perspective regarding mental processes?
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What is the primary cause of problems according to psychodynamic theory?
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What role do defense mechanisms play in psychological theories?
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What concept did John Locke introduce regarding the human mind?
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How do behavioral theories primarily explain human behavior?
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What did John B. Watson assert about environmental influences on behavior?
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Study Notes
Areas of Specialty - Psychology
- Clinical Psychology
- Counselling Psychology
- Experimental Psychology
- Biopsychology
- Social Psychology
- Personality
- Cognitive Psychology
- Educational Psychology
- Developmental Psychology
- Industrial/Organizational Psychology
- Psychometric Psychology
What’s the Difference Between a Psychologist and Psychiatrist?
- Psychologists typically have a PhD
- Psychologists can't prescribe drugs
- Clinical Psychologists are interested in psychotherapy and often specialize in specific therapy types
- Psychiatrists have an MD
- Psychiatrists have additional training in the treatment of mental disorders
- Psychiatrists may prescribe drugs for patients
4 Goals of Psychology AKA DEP-C
- Describe behavior and mental processes
- Explain or understand the causes of these behaviors
- Predict behaviours
- Influence or control behaviours under certain conditions
Basic Research
- Knowledge for its own sake
Applied Research
- Solutions to practical problems
Robber's Cave Experiment
- 11-year-old boys at camp were separated into two groups
- Eagles and Rattlers
- Experimenters created hostility and discrimination between the groups by setting up competitive contests
- Hostility was reduced when the groups had to cooperate to accomplish goals
Applied Research in Action - Jigsaw Classrooms
- Cooperation between multiethnic groups was required
- Each student was given a "piece" of total knowledge to learn
- For the group to pass, they had to fit the "pieces" together as if working on a jigsaw puzzle
What Factors Influence Behaviour?
- Biological
- Psychological
- Environmental
Charles Whitman
- Levels of Analysis
- Biological: Tumor in the amygdala
- Individual/Psychological: Unusual and irrational thoughts and overwhelming violent impulses
- Environmental: Exposure to guns, Abusive father, Feelings of rejection by doctors
3 Levels of Analysis Example - Depression
- Sadness, grief, or "blues" for long periods of time
- Often accompanied by loss of appetite, sleep difficulties
- Thoughts of hopelessness and inability to experience pleasure
- Affects 1:4 women and 1:8 men in the US
Depression - Biological Influences
- Physical sickness or disease
- Genes
- Disruption of the sleep-wake cycle
- Brain chemistry
Depression - Psychological influences
- Trauma
- Negative thought patterns and distortions
- Personality traits
- Feelings of loneliness, inadequacy
Depression - Environmental Influences
- People around them
- Living conditions
- Home life
- Losses, rejections, and deprivation factors
- Cultural factors
Perspectives
- Behaviour has diverse causes
- Different perspectives enrich our understanding
Biological Perspective
- Psychological processes are fundamentally physiological
- Roles of:
- Brain structures and function
- Biochemical processes
- Genetic factors
Monism
- Mental events are a product of physical events
- Can be studied
Mind-Body Dualism
- Mind is a spiritual entity
- Not subject to physical laws
- Cannot be studied
Localization Issue
- Specific brain areas have specific functions
- Phineas Gage
- Personality resides within the brain
Evolutionary Psychology
- Charles Darwin
- Possible to explain the origins of humanity without religion
Legacy of Darwin - Natural Selection
- If a trait gives some members a competitive advantage, such as attracting mates, escaping danger, or acquiring food, they are more likely to survive and pass on their genes
Behavioural Genetics & Sociobiology
- Behaviors that increase the ability to pass on one’s genes to the next generation are favored
- Males: Aggression, competition, and dominance
- Females: Cooperative and nurturing behavior
Cognitive Perspective
- Focus on how mental processes influence motives, emotions, and behaviours
- Adrian Owen, UWO Canada Excellence Research Chair in Cognitive Neuroscience
Psychodynamic
- Problems result from unconscious and unresolved past conflicts
- Conflicts come out in dreams and "slips of the tongue"
- We develop defense mechanisms as a way to cope with anxiety
- Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis
Behavioural
- Environmental influences behaviour
- Focus on the role of the external environment
- Effects of rewards and punishments
John Locke and the Rule of Behaviorism
- Born as a blank slate, everything we know is learned
- Saw the mind as receptive and passive, with its main goal as sensing and perceiving
- Tabula rasa
John B. Watson and the Rule of Behaviorism
- "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select..."
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Description
Test your knowledge on various areas of psychology, including clinical, counseling, and experimental psychology. Explore the differences between psychologists and psychiatrists, and learn about the goals of psychology. Perfect for those studying psychology or interested in the field.
