LESSON_1_PR2-NATURE_OF_RESEARCH.pptx

The Nature of Inquiry and Research PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 Prepared by Mr. Aries Z. Ilag, LPT ariessilagg Aries Zara Ilag [email protected]  Our Learning Goals: After this discussion, you are expected to have the ability to...

The Nature of Inquiry and Research PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 Prepared by Mr. Aries Z. Ilag, LPT ariessilagg Aries Zara Ilag [email protected]  Our Learning Goals: After this discussion, you are expected to have the ability to… describe characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses of quantitative research; differentiate kinds of variables according to scales of measure; and contrast kinds of quantitative research. Let’s look back… How would you define practical research?  Let’s look Why back… is it important for a SHS student to know the process of conducting research? Defining Research Etymologically, research comes from: middle French word researchě, which means “the act of searching closely.” According to Leedy & Ormrod (2013), research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information in order to increase our understanding of a phenomenon about which we are interested or concerned. Creswell (2013), defined research as a systematic and objective creation of knowledge. Reflect upon What ideas or pieces of information are vague and questionable to you? How do you find answers to these questions? Scientifi c Method in Researc  1. Empiric al Approac - real-world data, metrics and h results  2. Observati on - Your awareness of your environment constitutes your ideas.  Observation… Car A Car B  3. Question - Questions must be answered through scientific investigation and must generate tangible proof.  4. Hypothes es - An educated guess, an attempt to explain a phenomena. Once formulated, it should help you formulate a prediction.  5. Experiment s The given hypothesis should assure testability in a crafted condition for accuracy and reliability of results. 6. Analyses For findings to be reliable, the data gathered are subjected for analysis through statistical methods.  7. Conclusion The process of making interferences involves concrete data to rule out opinions.  8. Replication - Doing the same study once again to a different set of participants to test the soundness of the obtained result. Why Do Researc h? Importance of Research Knowledge is establish. Improve practice. Inform and contributes to policies. Solve problems, perceptions are corrected. Present solutions are tested for effectivity.  Major Approach es Used in Research Qualitati ve Researc h aims to provide description of characteristics, kind, and quality of a subject, while interpreting and attempting to understand an event.  Strength and Weakness of Qualitative Research Strength Weakness Statistical procedures to measure kinds and It provides descriptions about qualities are not the real experience of the encouraged because you people in the situation being are going to deal with studied. The researcher can verbal rather than expound more on the responses numerical. of the participants. Thee -Subjective view of the participants can also therefore researcher in describing a elaborate their answers. situation leads to a certain level of bias, lacking objectivity Quantita tive Researc h tests hypotheses and makes predictions through measured amounts, and ultimately applied to interpret the numbers obtained from the data.  Strength and Weakness of Quantitative Research Strength Weakness It uses the confirmatory scientific method because it The focus of the study is tests hypothesis. By examining limited only to the object numbers taken from the data, a under investigation. certain level of bias is removed. Therefore, the Because the variables under interpretation of results investigations are operationally will be based only on the defined, the generalizability of findings derived from findings is high. This means statistical data. Often, that the quantitative approach explanations and can be applied to larger descriptions are narrow. populations.  Quantitative Research In comparison to Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Qualitative Research Test hypothesis Data are expressed in Formulate hypothesis numbers Data are expressed in Larger sample words size Small sample size Analyze through Math and Summarizing, Statistical Analysis categorizing and interpreting Example: Research Question How satisfied are students with their studies? ualitative Approach How satisfied are you (students) with your studies? Open-ended questions Conclusion Conduct Interview I’m very satisfied with my studies subject: 15 students uantitative Approach 5 On a scale of 1- 5, 3 4 How satisfied are you with your 1 2 studies Run statistical analysis/treatment Survey Questionnaire Conclus ion 300 respondents On average, students rate their studies 4.3 out of 5 ixed Method Approach Interview Insights Survey questionnaire Students prefer individual assignments over group projects Variab les -Kind of Variables  Variables - are factors that may affect one’s observation. Independent Variables are manipulated variables that causes a change in another variable. Usually, these are the treatments or conditions that produce a varied response or effect. “Conducive-Learning Environment Reduces Test Anxiety Level of Grade 12 Students of TMA”  Dependent Variables are those that are affected by independent variables. Simply put, they are the responses or effects that result from the treatment or conditions employed. “Conducive-Learning Environment Reduces Test Anxiety Level of Grade 12 Students of TMA” Controlled Variables what is kept the same throughout the experiment, and it is not of primary concern in the experimental outcome. Confounding or extraneous Variables are those variables usually indicated in an experimental research. They are not included in the study but in one way or another causes effect on the dependent variable.  Confounding or extraneous Variables Alcohol consumption Confounding (z) Smoking Early death Independent (x) Dependent (y) Categorical Variables are those that characterize and describe the quality of data. They are often classified into mutually exclusive categories and extensive categories. Categorical Variables – Mutually Exclusive - it takes specific values; often they do not follow a sequence; they want to describe the data into the given options (Nominal variables). Civil status can be classified only as single, married, widowed, or annulled. Gender can be male or female Categorical Variables – Extensive - They consider logical order or rank and are therefore called ordinal variables. Description of data follows the sequence. Size - small, medium, or large Continuous Variables - Variables that are based on a given interval or continuum. These variables rely on numbers for description. Normal temperature (36 deg. C – 37 deg. C) Quantitative Variables - Are those variables that give details regarding the number or level of something. Qualitative Variables - Are those variables that represent kinds or types of objects. They are synonymous with categorical variables. Qualitative Variables - Are those variables that represent kinds or types of objects. They are synonymous with categorical variables. Qualitative Variables - Are those variables that represent kinds or types of objects. They are synonymous with categorical variables. Studyin g Variabl e is importa  1. Proper interpretation of data related to the variable  2. Decisions about the proper statistical analysis to be used. Levels of Measure ment  Nominal scales Concerned with the names and categories of responses. Nationality (1)Australian (2)Chinese (3)Filipino (4)Indian  Ordinal scales Used for data to intends to be ranked. This scale is expressed through sequential and numerical order. Example: Good, better, and best  Interval scales Use equal units of measurement and intervals to know the distance between them more than the sequence Normal temperature = 36 deg. C – 37 deg. C  Ratio scales are the highest level of measurement. Ratio scale uses zero as its base point. Examples: Weight, height, test scores PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 Prepared by Mr. Aries Z. Ilag