Lesson 1 Introduction to Computing.pdf

LESSON 1 I N T RO D U C T I O N TO C O M P U T I N G OBJECTIVES Identify what is computing. Determine the components of computing. Differentiate among laptops, tablets, desktops, and servers Describe the purpose and uses of smartphones, digital cameras, portable and digital media player...

LESSON 1 I N T RO D U C T I O N TO C O M P U T I N G OBJECTIVES Identify what is computing. Determine the components of computing. Differentiate among laptops, tablets, desktops, and servers Describe the purpose and uses of smartphones, digital cameras, portable and digital media players, e-book readers, wearable devices, and game devices Describe the relationship between data and information. Differentiate the web from the Internet, and describe the relationship among the web, webpages, websites, and web servers Explain the purpose of a browser, a search engine, and an online social network OBJECTIVES Briefly describe digital security risks associated with viruses and other malware, privacy, your health, and the environment Differentiate between an operating system and applications Differentiate between wired and wireless technologies, and identify reasons individuals and businesses use networks Discuss how society uses technology in education, government, finance, retail, entertainment, health care, science, travel, publishing, and manufacturing Identify technology used by home users, small/home office users, mobile users, power users, and enterprise users Discuss the concept of computational thinking T O D AY ’ S T E C H N O LO G Y Because technology changes, you must keep up with the changes to remain digitally literate Digital literacy involves having a current knowledge and understanding of computers, mobile devices, the web, and related technologies  A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory Accepts Produces data Processing information (input) (output) COMPUTERS  Laptop Tablet COMPUTERS Desktop and All-in-One Server W H AT I S COMPUTING? Computing refers to the process of using computers and computational thinking to solve problems, perform tasks, and process information. It encompasses a wide range of activities that involve manipulating data, executing instructions, and utilizing algorithms to achieve specific goals. Computing is an integral part of modern society and has transformed the way we work, communicate, learn, and interact with the world around us. COMPONENTS OF COMPUTING Hardware: Computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system. These components work together to process information and perform tasks. Some key hardware components include: Central Processing Unit (CPU): Often referred to as the "brain" of the computer, the CPU executes instructions and performs calculations. Memory (RAM): Random Access Memory stores data and programs that are currently in use, allowing for quick access by the CPU. Storage Devices: Hard drives, solid-state drives, and other storage media store data and software even when the computer is turned off. Input and Output Devices: These include devices like keyboards, mice, monitors, printers, and scanners that allow users to interact with the computer and receive output.  INPUT DEVICE A keyboard contains keys you press to enter data and instructions into a computer or mobile device INPUT DEVICE A pointing device is an input device that allows a user to control a small symbol on the screen called the pointer Some mobile devices and computers enable you to speak data instructions using voice input and to capture live full-motion images using video input INPUT DEVICE A scanner is a light-sensing input device that converts printed text and images into a form the computer can process OUTPUT DEVICE An output device is any hardware component that conveys information from a computer or mobile device to one or more people A printer is an output device that produces text and graphics on a physical medium, such as paper or other material A 3-D printer can print solid objects, such as clothing, prosthetics, eyewear, implants, toys, parts, prototypes, and more OUTPUT DEVICE A display is an output device that visually conveys text, graphics, and video information OUTPUT DEVICE Speakers allow you to hear audio such as music, voice, and other sounds Earbuds Headphones  Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed and the data needed by those instructions A computer keeps data, instructions, and S TO R AG E information on storage media DEVICE A storage device records (writes) and/or retrieves (reads) items to and from storage media  Hard Disk Solid-State Drive USB Flash Drive Memory Card Optical Disc Cloud Storage C O M M U N I C AT I O N DEVICE A communications device is hardware capable of transferring items from computers and devices to transmission media and vice versa.  Examples of wireless communications technologies include: Wi-FI C O M M U N I C AT I O N D E V I C E Bluetooth Cellular Radio MOBILE AND GAME DEVICES Smartphone Digital camera Portable and digital media player E-book reader Wearable device Game device COMPONENTS OF COMPUTING Software: Software refers to the programs, applications, and operating systems that run on a computer system. Software provides the instructions that guide the hardware in performing specific tasks. There are two main types of software: System Software: This includes operating systems that manage hardware resources and provide a user interface. Examples include Windows, macOS, and Linux. Application Software: These are programs designed to perform specific tasks for users, such as word processors, web browsers, and video editing software.  P RO G R A M S A N D A P P S Software, also called a program, tells the computer what tasks to perform and how to perform them System Software Operating system Tools Applications O P E R AT I N G S Y S T E M S Operating System (OS) is a fundamental software component that acts as an intermediary between computer hardware and the user. It provides a platform for various software applications to run on a computer system, manages hardware resources, and facilitates user interaction. Without an operating system, it would be incredibly challenging for users to interact with and utilize the capabilities of a computer effectively. F U N C T I O N S O F O P E R AT I N G S Y S T E M S Manages and schedules processes (programs in execution) to ensure efficient use of the CPU. Process Management: Allocates CPU time to different processes based on priority and time-sharing algorithms. Facilitates context switching between processes to maintain multitasking functionality. Memory Allocates and manages system memory (RAM) for processes, applications, and the operating system itself. Management: Implements memory protection mechanisms to prevent one process from interfering with the memory of another. File System Manages files on storage devices (hard drives, solid-state drives, etc.) and organizes them into a hierarchical structure. Management: Provides features such as file creation, deletion, reading, writing, and permissions. F U N C T I O N S O F O P E R AT I N G S Y S T E M S Device Manages communication between hardware devices (such as printers, scanners, and Management: network cards) and the computer system. Provides device drivers that allow the operating system to communicate with and control hardware components. User Interface: Offers a user interface that allows users to interact with the computer system. User interfaces can range from command-line interfaces (CLI) to graphical user interfaces (GUI) with icons, windows, and menus. Security and Implements security features such as user authentication and authorization to Authentication: control access to the system and its resources. Enforces user and group permissions to safeguard data and maintain system integrity. F U N C T I O N S O F O P E R AT I N G S Y S T E M S Networking and Provides networking capabilities that allow the computer to connect to other Communication: devices, networks, and the internet. Manages network protocols and communication between different devices. Error Handling Detects and manages errors that may occur during system operation. and Logging: Logs error messages and system events for troubleshooting and maintenance. System Services Offers various system services and utilities that facilitate tasks such as software and Utilities: updates, system backups, and performance monitoring. P O P U L A R O P E R AT I N G S Y S T E M S Windows: Developed by Microsoft, macOS: Apple's operating system for Windows is one of the most widely its Mac computers, known for its user- used operating systems for personal friendly interface and integration with computers. Apple hardware. Linux: An open-source operating Unix: An older operating system that system with a variety of distributions has influenced the design of many (such as Ubuntu, Fedora, and modern operating systems, including CentOS) that cater to different user Linux and macOS. needs.  Installing a program is the process of setting up the program to work with the computer, mobile device, printer, and/or other hardware Once installed, you can run a program so that you can interact with it You interact with a program through its user interface P RO G R A M S A N D A P P S P RO G R A M S A N D APPS A software developer, sometimes called a developer or programmer, is someone who develops programs and apps or writes the instructions that direct the computer or mobile device to process data into information  DATA A N D I N F O R M AT I O N C O M M U N I C AT I O N S AND NETWORKS A network is a collection of computers and devices connected together, often wirelessly, via communications devices and transmission media Home Networks Business Networks Connect to the Internet Facilitate communications Share a single high-speed Internet Share hardware connection Share data, information, and software Access photos, music, videos, and other content Share devices Play multiplayer games Connect game consoles to the Internet Subscribe to and use VoIP Interact with other devices in a smart home C O M M U N I C AT I O N S A N D N E T W O R K S INTERNET The Internet is a worldwide collection of computer networks that connects millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals  The World Wide Web (or web, for short) is a global library of information available to anyone connected to the Internet The web consists of a worldwide collection of electronic documents, each of which is called a webpage THE WEB A website is a collection of related webpages A web server is a computer that delivers requested webpages to your computer  THE WEB A browser is software that enables users with an Internet connection to access and view webpages on a computer or mobile device THE WEB An online social network encourages members to share their interests, ideas, stories, photos, music, and videos with other registered users  It is important that users protect their computers and mobile devices Viruses and Other Malware D I G I TA L SAFETY Privacy AND SECURITY Health Concerns Environmental Issues D I G I TA L S A F E T Y A N D SECURITY Green computing involves reducing the electricity consumed and environmental waste generated when using a computer Strategies include: Recycling Using energy efficient hardware and energy saving features Regulating manufacturing processes Extending the life of computers Immediately donating or properly disposing of replaced computers T E C H N O LO G Y U S E S Education Government Finance Retail Entertainment Health Care Science Travel Publishing Manufacturing T E C H N O LO G Y U S E R S Home User Small/Home Mobile User Office User Power User Enterprise User C O M P U TAT I O N A L THINKING Computational thinking is a problem-solving approach that draws inspiration from computer science. It involves breaking down complex problems into smaller, more manageable parts and using logical and algorithmic thinking to develop solutions. Key aspects of computational thinking include: Decomposition: Breaking a problem into smaller sub-problems or tasks. Pattern Recognition: Identifying recurring patterns, trends, or structures within data. Abstraction: Focusing on the relevant details while ignoring unnecessary complexities. Algorithm Design: Creating a step-by-step plan or set of instructions to solve a problem.  Various methods for Basic computer Computing Industry input, output, concepts memory, and storage LESSON 1 Operating System Communications and The Internet and the Network Web S U M M A RY Digital security and Uses of technology Computational safety risks and applications in Thinking precautions society REFERENCES 2023, Discovering Computers: Enhanced Edition, Tools, Apps, Devices and the Impact of Technology, Misty E. Vermaat, Susan L. Sebok, Steven M. Freund, Jennifer T. Campbell and Mark Frydenberg, Cengage Learning. 2018, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data and Devices, Misty E. Vermaat, Susan L. Sebok, Steven M. Freund, Jennifer T. Campbell and Mark Frydenberg, Cengage Learning. https://www.aniketwarty.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Technology- Trends-2017.jpg  END OF LESSON 1