Lesson 1.pdf

Lesson 1: A Review of the Communication Process Three Broad Models of Communication Communication as Action Viewed as a one-way process Features: Source - the originator of a thought or...

Lesson 1: A Review of the Communication Process Three Broad Models of Communication Communication as Action Viewed as a one-way process Features: Source - the originator of a thought or an idea Functions: Formulating and sending messages Encoding - the act of producing messages Putting an idea into language or gesture Message - signals that serve as stimuli for a receiver and are received by one of our senses—auditory (hearing), visual (seeing), tactile (touching), olfactory (smelling), gustatory (tasting), or any combination of these senses Putting an idea into language or gesture Channel - a pathway through which messages are conveyed; a bridge connecting source and receiver May be vocal-auditory, gestural-visual, chemical-olfactory, cutaneous-tactile Decoding - the act of understanding messages Interpreting or giving meaning to a message Receiver - the party who interprets the message Functions: receiving and comprehending messages Lesson 1: A Review of the Communication Process 1  Noise - anything that interferes with the encoding or decoding of a message May be physical, physiological, psychological, or semantic Communication seen as linear process in which one person acts on another person Shortcomings: Portrays communication as flowing iin only one direction, from a sender to a passive receiver Implies that listeners never send messages that they absorb only passively what the speakers say Communication usually more of a back-and-forth exchange than a one- way process Represents communication as a sequence of actions in which one step (listening) follows an earlier step (talking) Communication as Interaction Communication viewed as a two-way process Lesson 1: A Review of the Communication Process 2  Includes the same elements as the action model but adds two moer components to the mix: Feedback - messages sent back to the speaker concerning reactions to what is said; tells the speaker what effect s/he is having on listeners Context - environment in which communication takes place; may influence the form and content of messages; may be physical, temporal, social, or cultural Presents communication more realistically than the action model Shortcomings: Does not represent how complex communication can be; still portrays communication as a sequential process in which one person is a source and another is a receiver Does not account for the process of sending and receiving messages simultaneously Does not capture the dynamic nature of interpersonal communication and the ways it changes over time Lesson 1: A Review of the Communication Process 3  Communication as Transaction Emphasizes the dynamism of interpersonal communication and the multiple roles people assume during the process Incorporates the feature of time to call our attention to the fact that messages, noise, and fields of experience vary over time Submits that communication occurs within systems that affect what and how people communicate and what meanings are created Differentiating Dominant and Participatory Paradigms of Development Communication Aspect Dominant Paradigm Participatory Paradigm Emphasis mainly sender-and Emphasis more on the process of 1. media-centric (1950s and 1960s) communication and on the Communication and receiver- and message- significance of this process centric (1970s) Bottom-up approach with the Elitist and top-down orientation community being the point of departure Lesson 1: A Review of the Communication Process 4  Aspect Dominant Paradigm Participatory Paradigm Communication as dialogue and Communication as a tool participation Audiences who lack abilities and Stakeholders who have the ability to resources to develop 2. People develop themselves; seen as themselves; seen as targets or subjects and actors objects Policymakers, researchers, and Stakeholders and communities as institutions as change agents change agents Diffusion, persuasion, behavior 3. Goal Empowerment, equity, community change Communication effects, diffusion Social change/praxis, social 4. Framework of innovations, mass media and mobilization modernization Empowerment education, Social marketing, health 5. Type of participatory action research, rapid promotion and education, enter- intervention participatory appraisal, media education advocacy, social mobilization Lesson 1: A Review of the Communication Process 5