Psychopharmacology Lecture 12 PDF

Psychopharmacology Mickey Rourke The Wrestler (2008) Director: Darren Aronofsky Anabolic Steroids  Performance Enhancing Drugs (PEDs) PEDs have been used for as long as there has been athletic competitions 776 BC to 393 BC: 100AD: Roman Gladiators 1800s: Fr...

Psychopharmacology Mickey Rourke The Wrestler (2008) Director: Darren Aronofsky Anabolic Steroids  Performance Enhancing Drugs (PEDs) PEDs have been used for as long as there has been athletic competitions 776 BC to 393 BC: 100AD: Roman Gladiators 1800s: French cyclists use Vin 1886: Welsh cyclist Arthur Ancient Greeks Use Use Stimulants and Mariani (alcohol and wine) to Linton dies mid-race after Performance Hallucinogens to Prevent fight fatigue and hunger using trimethyl, a stimulant Enhancing Drugs Fatigue and Injury What Has Been Used? 1928: IAAF becomes the 1904 Olympics: Marathon first international sporting Stimulants runner Thomas Hicks federation to prohibit almost dies from a mixture doping by athletes of brandy and strychnine Depressants Used Opium Juice Hallucinogens and Sheep Testicles (a great source of Hormones Testosterone) And More!  Anabolic steroids: Description Greek anabolein (to build up): Synthetic Analogues of Testosterone FDA Approves First Anabolic Steroid Nobel Prize for Chemistry for Sale in US (Dianabol) created by The International Olympic Committee adds to Adolf Friedrich Johann Dr. John Bosley Ziegler. He would anabolic steroids to its list of banned substances Butenandt later regret developing the steroid. 1935 1939 1940 to 1945 1958 1968 1975 1990 May: Testosterone is isolated First Drug Testing at and identified in Germany Nazis test Steroids on Concentration Winter Olympic Games. Anabolic Steroids August: Testosterone is Camp Prisoners. Adolf Hitler 86 Athletes were tested; designated as chemically synthesized allegedly begins daily use. zero positive results. Schedule III Slang: arnolds, gym candy, pumpers, ‘roids, stackers, weight trainers, and juice  The Role of Anabolic steroids Anabolic Steroids are a Mimic of Testosterone Benefits of Use ❖Increases protein synthesis within cells MUSCLE ❖Aids in the build-up of cellular tissue, especially muscles ❖Helps repair damaged tissue Testosterone Deficiency Growth stimulation Gender Identity Disorder and Transgender Transformations Appetite stimulation and preserving muscle mass (especially AIDS and cancer patients)  Pharmacokinetics of Steroids There are Many Different Routes and Schedules of Administration ❖ Stacking: Combining two or more different kinds of steroids. ❖ Cycling: On-off schedule of use. Start use, stop, and then start again. ❖ Pyramiding: Increasing frequency and dose until a peak, then tapering off gradually. Detectable in urine for 1-2 weeks, but up to 18 months, depending upon compound  Illicit Uses of Anabolic Steroids Illicit Uses ❖ Bodybuilding ❖ Enhancing athletic performance ❖ Increases muscle mass ❖ Increase strength ❖ Produces “second adolescence”  Steroid Use in Professional Sports Lance Armstrong U.S. professional cyclist; won Tour de France seven consecutive times. Medals stripped in 2012 Marion Jones First woman ever to win five medals (2000 Olympics); later stripped of her titles when she admitted in 2007 to using banned substances. Shawne Merriman 2005 Defensive Rookie of the Year; suspended in 2006 for positive anabolic steroid test. Lyle Alzado Former NFL defensive lineman who later admitted steroid use. Died of a brain tumor at the age of 43 to which he attributed to long-term steroid abuse. Hulk Hogan Professional wrestler. Testified in federal court about widespread steroid use in “sport”. Ben Johnson Canadian 1988 Olympic Gold Winner; tested positive 3 days later.  Control of Steroid Use Banned by all major amateur and professional sports organizations Sports Year of Organization Ban Olympics 1975 NFL 1987 MLB 1991 (Testing): 2003 NCAA 1999 NBA 2011 NHL 2017 Why Use??? Here’s The Problem Natural hormones and designer steroids like tetrahydrogestrinone are harder to detect in drug testing screens 1990: Anabolic Steroids Act designated steroids as Schedule III  Prevalence and Perception of Use Continues at high school, college, and professional levels, despite testing Less than 3% positive results, but higher estimates from other sources (journalists, surveys, government investigations). PERCEPTION IS EVERYTHING!  General side effects Physical Damage ❖Cholesterol-induced heart disease ❖Damage to liver function ❖Kidney and liver tumors ❖Inhibition of natural hormones Psychological Effects Roid Rage? ❖Euphoria and increased energy ❖Irritability and mood swings ❖Aggressiveness and violent actions ❖Paranoia ❖Depression following cessation  Gender-Specific Side Effects Side effects in men Side effects in women Acne Testicular Atrophy and Irreversible (often severe) lowered sperm count masculinization ❖Facial and chest hair Reduced sexual desire/ED ❖Breast shrinkage, Premature balding clitoral enlargement ❖Deepening voice Gynecomastia: Enlargement of breasts Menstrual irregularities ❖Inhibits production and release of LH and FSH ❖Reduced fertility ❖Increased sexual desire Teratogenic effects ❖Ambiguity in Sexual Organ Development ❖Delayed Developmental Growth ❖Fetal death  Psychopharmacology A Final Word