Lecture Notes: Brief Roman History (Introduction Week)

A Brief Roman History Lecture 2 Note-Takers Needed Students willing to share their lecture notes can register to become a volunteer notetaker by signing up online through the SAS Portal on MyTrent>Academic Support>Support>SAS Portal>Volunteer Notetaker sign-...

A Brief Roman History Lecture 2 Note-Takers Needed Students willing to share their lecture notes can register to become a volunteer notetaker by signing up online through the SAS Portal on MyTrent>Academic Support>Support>SAS Portal>Volunteer Notetaker sign- up, login & upload. If you are willing to share your notes, your volunteerism will be documented with a certificate at the end of the course and will appear on your Co- Curricular Record. Romans: a History BCE CE GREECE Bronze Age Iron Age Archaic Classical Hellenistic ~3000-1250 ~1250-776 776-479 479-323 323-31 Monarchy Republic Principate Empire ROME 753-509 509-31 31 BCE-14 CE 14-476  Romans: a History The Bronze Age - a part of pre-history (before written records, ~8th c. BCE) - bronze (tin + copper) as “new tech” - characterized by centralization, wealth, and the emergence of monumental architecture - Mediterranean civilizations: Egyptians, Hittites, and Proto- Greeks - 3 major proto-Greek civilizations of the Aegean Sea: Minoans, Mycenaeans, Cycladics Bronze Armour/Boar-Tusk Helmet, Mycenaean, Dendra, 15th c. BCE BCE CE ROME Bronze Age Iron Age Monarchy Republic Principate Empire ~3000-1250 ~1250-776 753-509 509-31 31 BCE-14 CE 14-476 Mycenaeans Cycladics Minoans  Alps Po Valley Apennines - Italian peninsula = 260,000 Corsica km² Bay of Naples Sardinia Sicily  - pre-Iron Age, land of villages - Tarquinius Superbus - kings “senate” - public, private, sacred space - increased Greek presence - Forum Romanum Capitoline Wolf, ca. 5th c. BCE BCE CE ROME Bronze Age Iron Age Monarchy Republic Principate Empire ~3000-1250 ~1250-776 753-509 509-31 31 BCE-14 CE 14-476 Romans: a History Republic - creation of a Senate - magistracies - the cursus honorum - consuls Emperor Tiberius, ca. 1st c. CE BCE CE ROME Bronze Age Iron Age Monarchy Republic Principate Empire ~3000-1250 ~1250-776 753-509 509-31 31 BCE-14 CE 14-476  Romans: a History Republic - plebians (lower social class) - patritians (elites) - struggle of the orders - populares (supporters of the people) vs. optimates (supporters of the aristocracy) - 5th century expansion (conquest of Etruscans, Latins) - 4th-3rd c. conquest of all of Italy BCE CE ROME Bronze Age Iron Age Monarchy Republic Principate Empire ~3000-1250 ~1250-776 753-509 509-31 31 BCE-14 CE 14-476  Romans: a History Republic - Carthage (Punic Wars 264-146 BCE) - Cato: Carthago delenda est (“Carthage must be destroyed!”) - Syria, Macedonia, Greece, Egypt BCE CE ROME Bronze Age Iron Age Monarchy Republic Principate Empire ~3000-1250 ~1250-776 753-509 509-31 31 BCE-14 CE 14-476 Romans: a History Republic - Tiberius Gracchus and Gaius Gracchus, 2nd c. BCE - land reforms for the ager publicus (“public land”) owned by aristocracy - Tiberius beaten to death - civil unrest remains The Gracchi, Jean-Baptiste-Claude-Eugène Guillaume, 1848-53 BCE CE ROME Bronze Age Iron Age Monarchy Republic Principate Empire ~3000-1250 ~1250-776 753-509 509-31 31 BCE-14 CE 14-476 Romans: a History Republic - Pompey, Cicero, Julius Caesar - Caesar as a popular military leader - Pompey and Senate threatened - Caesar commanded to stand down - Caesar marches on Rome - alea iacta est (“The die is cast”) - Caesar victorious; dictator perpetuo (“dictator for life”) - assassinated by Senate members Aureus, Brutus, Eid Mar, 42 BCE BCE CE ROME Bronze Age Iron Age Monarchy Republic Principate Empire ~3000-1250 ~1250-776 753-509 509-31 31 BCE-14 CE 14-476 Romans: a History Principate - Octavian (Gaius Octavius) - end of Republic - primus inter pares (“First among equals”) - princeps (“first man”) > Principate - first “Emperor” - Octavian > Augustus - “I found Rome a city of bricks and left it a city of marble.” - Ara Pacis (“Altar of Peace”) - dies 14 CE - Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus succeeds Augustus Prima Porta, 1st c. CE BCE CE ROME Bronze Age Iron Age Monarchy Republic Principate Empire ~3000-1250 ~1250-776 753-509 509-31 31 BCE-14 CE 14-476 Romans: a History Empire - continued conquest - 117 CE maximum territory reached - followed by steady decline - raids - borders too large - Christianity - Constantine, 312 CE - capitol moved to Byzantium (Constantinople) in East - Empire divided in two BCE CE ROME Bronze Age Iron Age Monarchy Republic Principate Empire ~3000-1250 ~1250-776 753-509 509-31 31 BCE-14 CE 14-476 Romans: a History Western Fall - invasions (Gauls, Germans, etc.) - internal power struggles, cost of army, loss of territory - Romulus Augustus last Emperor - 476 CE official fall of the Western Empire Karl Briullov, 19th c. CE BCE CE ROME Bronze Age Iron Age Monarchy Republic Principate Empire ~3000-1250 ~1250-776 753-509 509-31 31 BCE-14 CE 14-476 Romans: a History Eastern Fall - Byzantine Empire - capitol Greek-speaking Romans - Hagia Sophia - threat of Ottoman Empire - sacked by Ottoman Turks in 1453 BCE CE ROME Bronze Age Iron Age Monarchy Republic Principate Empire ~3000-1250 ~1250-776 753-509 509-31 31 BCE-14 CE 14-476 What makes a city? City Development - endogenous vs. exogenous development - Elman Service, scholar City Development - Qualities of a city-state (Copenhagen Polis Center): - Territory - Population 1,000+ - Shared ethnic identity (with other states) - Named - Density in the urban center - Urban center is focus of territory - Economy and specialization - Military - Government - Autonomous - Not self-sufficient  - pre-Iron Age, land of villages -