Lecture PHG111 Pharmacognosy

Department of Pharmacognosy 10/31/2024 1 Mandatory courses: Credit Hours Course Title Course Code Pract. Lect. To...

Department of Pharmacognosy 10/31/2024 1 Mandatory courses: Credit Hours Course Title Course Code Pract. Lect. Total /Tut. Medicinal Plants PHG 111 2 1 3 Pharmacognosy I PHG 122 2 1 3 Pharmacognosy II PHG 213 2 1 3 Phytochemistry I PHG 314 2 1 3 Phytochemistry II PHG 325 2 1 3 Applied & Forensic Pharmacognosy PHG 416 1 1 2 Phytotherapy and Aromatherapy PHG 517 2 1 3 10/31/2024 2  Elective courses: Credit Hours Course Course Title Pract. Code L Total /Tut. PHG 311 Alternative Medicinal Therapies 1 1 2 Production and Manufacture of PHG 312 1 1 2 Medicinal plants 10/31/2024 3  Medicinal Plants PHG 111 10/31/2024 4 10/31/2024 5 Teaching Methods Lectures Practical labs. 10/31/2024 6  Introduction to pharmacognosy 10/31/2024 8 10/31/2024 9 Definition of pharmacognosy: It is the scientific study of the structural, physical, chemical and sensory characters of crude drugs of vegetable, animal and mineral origin and the treatment applied during passage from producer to consumer. Pharmacognosy is derived from two Greek words Pharmacon meaning drug and Gignosco meaning to know. Therefore; the word pharmacognosy means, The entire knowledge of drugs. 10/31/2024 10 Crude drug or raw drug: It is the plant or animal material before it is subjected to extensive processing or modification. It is a part of plant or animal and used in medicine. 10/31/2024 11 10/31/2024 12 Examples of crude drugs: 1.Entire plants or animals: Lobelia, Mentha, Cantharidis. 2.Entire organs: Senna, Clove, Fennel, Linseed, Thyroid gland. 3.Mineral: Chalk; Kaolin, Talc. 4.Unorganised drugs: Opium, Aloes, Acacia, Gelatin. 10/31/2024 13 cantharidis  Folk medicine: It is originated from trial and error methods. Most materials of vegetable, animal or mineral origin have been used since earliest time till now. Herbalists or Attars are very experienced in this way and have many drugs used in folk medicine. 10/31/2024 15 10/31/2024 16 Function of a Pharmacognosist: 1.Identification of sources of drugs. 2.Determination of morphological characters. 3.Investigation of potency, purity and admixture. 4.Planning and devising of cultivation of medicinal plants. 5.Prescription of the detail processes of collection, drying and preservation of drugs. 6.Knowledges of active constituents, their chemical nature and reactions. 10/31/2024 17 For detailed description of each individual drug, the following point are to be considered: 1. Origin: biological, geographical and commercial. 2. Cultivation, collection, drying, packing and storage. 3. Characters, sensory, morphology, histology and powders. 4. Constituents and uses in medicine. 5. Evaluation and testing for adulteration. 10/31/2024 18  Classification of Drugs for Study: Drugs are classified in different ways to make their study easy. The most important methods are: 1. Alphabetical: According to Latin or English names. 2. Taxonomical: According to plants from which the drugs are obtained in phyla, orders, families, genera and species. 10/31/2024 19 Plant Taxonomy 3. Morphological: According to plant organs e.g. leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, herbs, roots, rhizomes, barks, woods, these are known as organized drugs, or as plant products; as dried latex, extracts, gums, resins, oils, fats, waxes etc. referred to as unorganized drugs. 4. Chemical: According to the major active constituents they contain, e.g. Drugs containing glycosides, alkaloids, bitter principles, tannins, volatile oils...etc.. 5. Pharmacological or Therapeutic: As astringents, irritants, drugs affecting: GIT, heart, kidney, nervous system...etc. 10/31/2024 21  OFFICIAL AND UNOFFICIAL DRUGS: An official drug is the one listed in a book recognized by the government health authority known as Pharmacopoeia. This book contains the official standards for each drug. 10/31/2024 22 UTILISATION OF DRUGS: Drugs are mainly used for treatment of diseases and as prophylactic. Nevertheless, there are many other uses of drugs summarized as follows: 1. Filtration materials: Cotton, kieselguhr (Diatomite). 2. Adsorbents: Charcoal. 3. Decolorizing agents: Charcoal. 10/31/2024 23 4. Suspending and Emulsifier: Acacia. 5. Solvents: Fixed oils of almond, corn, olive, cotton seed, castor, peanut, poppy seed, sesame...etc. 6. Ointment Bases: Wool fat, bees wax... 7. Suppositories Bases: Gelatin, cacao butter. 8. Gillies: Gelatin, pectin's, gums...etc. 10/31/2024 24 9. Preservatives: Benzoin, guaiacum, sucrose. 10.Diluents and Fillers: Althea, licorice, lactose, starch, sucrose, nut shells... etc. 11. Binders and Excipients: Tragacanth, acacia, gelatin, honey, sucrose, starch... etc. 12.Sweatners: Honey, sucrose. l3.Flavouring agents: Anise, peppermint, cacao, clove, cinnamon, licorice, thyme, vanilla, lemon, orange.... etc. 10/31/2024 25 14.Colouring Agents: Alkanna, cochineal, Roselle, red sander's. 15.Perfumery: Lavender, rose, geranium, pelargonium... etc. 16.Coating Tablets: Acacia, cacao, gelatin, sucrose, balsam tolu. 17.Capsule Material: Gelatin. 10/31/2024 26 18.Culture Media: Agar, gelatin, dextrose, ox-bile, inulin, lactose, sucrose... etc. 19.Indicators: Litmus, hematoxylin. 20.Foods: Gums, yeast, agar, sugars, alginates, fixed oils, volatile oils, starches, cacao, kola, soft drinks, ginger, capsicum, mustards, nutmeg, cardamom, cloves. 21.Cosmetics: Rose, citronella, lavender, volatile oils, Jasmin.. etc. 10/31/2024 27 22.Paints, Varnish and Lacquers: Colophony, copaiba, resin, sandarac. 23.Textiles: Acacia;, agar, alginates, catechu, cochineal, cotton, flax, wool, silk, galls, starch, etc. 10/31/2024 28 ORIGIN OF DRUGS: 1. Biological origin. 2. Geographical Origin. 3. Commercial origin. 10/31/2024 29 1.Biological origin: Indicates the name of plant and family from which the drug is obtained. The system of naming plants was device by a Swedish scientist named Linnaeus. He gave each plant a name formed of two words and consequently the system was described as the Binomial system 10/31/2024 30 Binomial system: The first word denotes the Genus name and is written with the 1st letter in capital. The second word denotes the species name and written with the first letter in small. The plant name is followed by names of persons (botanists) who, first described the species or varieties and usually represented by initial. Atropa belladonna L. (L. is the initial of the botanists Linnaeus). 10/31/2024 31 The species name may indicate a special meaning e.g. 1-Character of the Plant: a. Hyoscyamus muticus (muticus=short) the plant is short. b. Barosma serratifolia. margin of the leaf is serrate. c. Atropa belladonna. (beautiful lady). the juice dilates eye pupil. 2- Characteristic Colour: a.Piper nigrurn (= black; colour of fruit is black). b.Digitals purpurea (purple; colour of flower). C.Nymphea alba (= white; colour of flower). 10/31/2024 32 3- Aroma or Odour: a. Myristica fragrans (nice odour). b. Caryophyllus aromaticus (has aromatic odour). 4. Geographical Source: a. Cannabis indica (from India). b. Hydrastis canadensis (from Canada). C. Olea arabica (from Arab Countries). 10/31/2024 33 5.Pharmaceutical Activity or Active Constituents: a. Papaver somniferum (induce sleep). b. Quillaia saponaria (contain saponins). 6. special indication: 1. Allium sativum (cultivated). 2. Triticum vulgare (growing wild). 10/31/2024 34 The genus name may indicate also certain character: 1. Atropa belladonna (name of the Greek fate who cuts the threads of life), referring to the poisonous character of the plant 1. Iris germanica (from the Greek goodness of rainbow referring to the varied color of the flower 10/31/2024 35  2.Geographical Origin: The active constituents are greatly affected by the region in which the plant grows e.g., Cannabis sativa, contains resin, cannabinol, …..etc, when grown in India and other subtropical countries. However, when it grows in cold countries (Italy), it is free from active constituents but grown for the production of fibers and seeds. When the plant is grown in its native country it is said to be indigenous to 10/31/2024 the country, otherwise, it is acclimatized. 36 3.Commercial origin Refer to the channels of trades or country or port of exportation or shipment of drugs. 10/31/2024 37 CULTIVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS Drugs could be collected from wild or cultivated medicinal plants. Each source has some advantages and disadvantageous. 10/31/2024 38 Advantages of wild plant: 1. Cheap source 2. Plant grow in their native habitat, therefore, best quality and quantity of active constituents Disadvantages: 1. Scarce distribution in unlimited area. 2. Difficulty to reach these plants. 3. Difficulty of transport. 4. Continuous collection leads to great deficiency. 5. Insufficient supply to the market. 6. Collection is done by unskilled people. 10/31/2024 39 Advantages of cultivated plant: 1. Concentration of large numbers of plants in limited area 2. Improvement of drug and development of better quality of drugs by selection of good strains, treatment of seed and dormancy. 3. Improvement of soil by fertilizers and work up in the soil. 4. Collection of proper organ at the proper time. 5. Assurance of regular and sufficient supply. 6. Cultivation near pharmaceutical company. 7. Better control of purity of drug. 8. All operations are done by trained qualified workers. 10/31/2024 40 Disadvantages: 1. Cultivation of medicinal plants is economic only at large scale. 2. Great loss of crop due to adverse weather conditions, infectious diseases. 3. Certain plants require special environmental conditions not available in farms. 4. Cultivation may change the external and internal features of plants and cause difficulty in the identification of plants. 5. It needs large capital available land, cheap workers, suitable transfer…… etc. 10/31/2024 41 PROPAGATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS: Plants are propagated by seeds or vegetative means: A) By seeds (sexual). 1. Seeds should be fully mature, ripe, healthy, and free form diseases. 2. Seeds should not dormant. Seed dormancy may be of reasons or of 2 kinds: 10/31/2024 42 1. Seed coat dormancy The failure to germinate because of the seed coat may be very hard or impermeable to water or oxygen. It is treated by thinning by soaking at a specific time in sulphuric acid. 2. Embryo dormancy The embryo may be rudimentary or shed from plants before maturity, or the embryo is asleep. In the latter case, it is treated by stratification in sand or dust and refrigerated for a specific period of time. 10/31/2024 43 B) By vegetative means (non-sexual) like: 1. Bulbs 2. Corms 3. Tubers 4. Rhizomes 5. Cutting 6. Grafting 7. By division 10/31/2024 44 FACTORS AFFECTING PLANT GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF DRUGS To successfully cultivate medicinal plants and produce high-quality crude drugs, it is necessary to study the conditions under which the medicinal plant flourishes in the wild state and reproduce these conditions or improve them. A) Environmental factors Including water, light, temperature, altitude B) Soil and soil conditions Plant nutrients, macro, and micro-elements, active elements, inactive elements, organic matter, living organisms C) Growth regulators D) Genetics and plant tissue culture 10/31/2024 45  I-External factors: 1. Water It is essential for all living organisms, including plants. It helps in and is important due to: a. It forms 80-90% of protoplasm b. Absorption of nutrients from the soil and performance of photosynthesis. c. Translocation of minerals from roots to different parts of the plant and organic nutrients from leaves to different parts of the plant d. A medium for all biological reactions. Plants are different in their water requirement, from xerophyte to aquatic plants 10/31/2024 46 2. Temperature: Each plant is affected by temperature ranges, the minimum, maximum and optimum. a. Each species has its own optimum temperature, and this classified the plants into several Phyto-geographical groups; tropical, subtropical, temperate, and cold region plants. b. For each species, there is an optimum temperature. c. Thermos-periodicity (diurnal temp) cycle affects plant growth 10/31/2024 47 3. Light: a) is very important for plant growth and chlorophyll formation. b) It is essential for photosynthesis (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xEF8shaU_34) c) It affects the flowering of the plant and classifies the plants according to the photoperiod into: -Short-day plant: which flowers in short days. If these plants are exposed to longer photoperiod they will not flower. They are winter plants. -Long-day plants: they flower under long-day conditions. They are summer plants. -Neutral day plants: this flower is long or short photoperiods. 10/31/2024 48 Plants require different light intensity according to the species and these are: a) Shade plants b) Sun plants c) Semi-shade plants Light initiates chlorophyll formation. Seedlings grown in the dark are white in color, because they cannot form chlorophyll. 10/31/2024 50