Pharmacognosy Course Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is an example of an unorganized drug?

  • Opium (correct)
  • Clove
  • Cantharidis
  • Fennel

    • What is the course code for Medicinal Plants?

  • PHG 213
  • PHG 314
  • PHG 111 (correct)
  • PHG 122

    • Folk medicine relies solely on scientifically tested methods.

    False

    Pharmacognosy is defined as the study of synthetic drugs only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one function of a pharmacognosist?

    <p>Identification of sources of drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drugs containing __________ are classified according to their active constituents.

    <p>glycosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'crude drug' refer to?

    <p>It refers to the plant or animal material before extensive processing or modification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following examples with their corresponding categories:

    <p>Lobelia = Entire plant Senna = Entire organ Chalk = Mineral Opium = Unorganized drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pharmacognosy is derived from two Greek words: Pharmacon meaning ___ and Gignosco meaning to know.

    <p>drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the morphological classification of drugs based on?

    <p>Plant organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following courses to their course codes:

    <p>Medicinal Plants = PHG 111 Pharmacognosy I = PHG 122 Phytochemistry I = PHG 314 Applied &amp; Forensic Pharmacognosy = PHG 416</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The taxonomical classification of drugs is based solely on English names.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following courses is an elective?

    <p>Alternative Medicinal Therapies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one factor to consider in the detailed description of an individual drug.

    <p>Origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phytochemistry II has a total of 3 credit hours.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of credit hours for Applied & Forensic Pharmacognosy?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an official drug?

    <p>A drug listed in a government-recognized pharmacopoeia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Charcoal is used only as an adsorbent and not for any other purposes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the bases used for suppositories.

    <p>Gelatin or cacao butter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ is commonly used as a flavouring agent in pharmaceutical preparations.

    <p>Licorice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their category:

    <p>Honey = Sweetener Agar = Culture Media Acacia = Suspending and Emulsifier Lactose = Diluents and Fillers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a use of drugs?

    <p>For creating sculptures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cacao butter can be used as a base for ointments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one example of a colouring agent?

    <p>Cochineal or alkanna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the first word in a plant's binomial name represent?

    <p>Genus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The species name in a binomial classification is written with the first letter capitalized.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the system developed by Linnaeus for naming plants?

    <p>Binomial system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The plant name Atropa belladonna L. indicates that it was first described by botanist _____ .

    <p>Linnaeus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plants with their characteristics:

    <p>Hyoscyamus muticus = Plant is short Piper nigrum = Fruit is black Myristica fragrans = Has a nice odour Cannabis indica = Originates from India</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options best describes the meaning of 'alba' in Nymphea alba?

    <p>White</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'saponins' is related to the pharmaceutical activity of Quillaia saponaria.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic does the name 'Digitals purpurea' signify?

    <p>Purple color of the flower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plants are classified as short-day plants?

    <p>Chrysanthemums</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Long-day plants flower under short-day conditions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of light in plant growth?

    <p>Light is essential for photosynthesis and chlorophyll formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plants requiring low light intensity are known as ______ plants.

    <p>shade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plant types with their characteristics:

    <p>Tropical plants = Grow in warm climates Temperate plants = Thrive in moderate temperatures Cold region plants = Survive in cool climates Subtropical plants = Live in regions with moderate warmth and high humidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method of treating seed coat dormancy?

    <p>Soaking in sulphuric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Embryo dormancy occurs when the embryo is fully developed but fails to germinate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one vegetative propagation method for medicinal plants.

    <p>Cutting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The essential component that forms 80-90% of protoplasm is __________.

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors affecting plant growth with their categories:

    <p>Water = Environmental factor Soil nutrients = Soil condition Genetics = Growth regulator Temperature = Environmental factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are types of vegetative propagation methods?

    <p>Grafting and corms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All plants have the same water requirements.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does water play in plants?

    <p>It is essential for nutrient absorption, photosynthesis, and as a medium for biological reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Course Information

    • Department: Pharmacognosy
    • Date: 10/31/2024

    Mandatory Courses

    • Medicinal Plants (PHG 111): 2 lecture hours, 1 practical hour, 3 total credit hours
    • Pharmacognosy I(PHG 122): 2 lecture hours, 1 practical hour, 3 total credit hours
    • Pharmacognosy II (PHG 213): 2 lecture hours, 1 practical hour, 3 total credit hours
    • Phytochemistry I (PHG 314): 2 lecture hours, 1 practical hour, 3 total credit hours
    • Phytochemistry II (PHG 325): 2 lecture hours, 1 practical hour, 3 total credit hours
    • Applied & Forensic Pharmacognosy (PHG 416): 1 lecture hour, 1 practical hour, 2 total credit hours
    • Phytotherapy and Aromatherapy (PHG 517): 2 lecture hours, 1 practical hour, 3 total credit hours

    Elective Courses

    • Alternative Medicinal Therapies (PHG 311): 1 lecture hour, 1 practical hour, 2 total credit hours
    • Production and Manufacture of Medicinal plants(PHG 312): 1 lecture hour, 1 practical hour, 2 total credit hours

    Medicinal Plants (PHG 111)

    • This is a class dedicated to Medicinal plants
    • The credit hours for lectures and practicals are also specified

    Table 1: Semester 1

    • Shows the different courses, credit hours, and examination marks structure for that semester
    • Includes course titles, registration periods, types of exams and the total exam marks

    Teaching Methods

    • Lectures
    • Practical labs

    Textbook

    • Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy (16th Edition) by William C Evans is a recommended textbook

    Introduction to Pharmacognosy

    • There is an introduction to the subject of pharmacognosy

    Definition of Pharmacognosy

    • The scientific study of the structural, physical, chemical and sensory characters of crude drugs.
    • Deals with vegetable, animal and mineral origin.
    • The processing between producer and consumer is also part of the subject matter

    Crude Drugs/Raw Drugs

    • Plant or animal materials before processing
    • A part of a plant or animal that's used in medicine

    Examples of Crude Drugs

    • Entire plants/animals: Lobelia, Mentha, Cantharidis
    • Entire organs: Senna, Clove, Fennel, Linseed, Thyroid gland
    • Minerais: Chalk; Kaolin, Talc
    • Unorganized drugs: Opium, Aloes, Acacia, Gelatin

    Folk Medicine

    • Derived from trial-and-error methods
    • Attars and herbalists are experienced in this type of medicine

    Function of a Pharmacognosist

    • Identify sources of drugs
    • Determine morphological characters of drugs
    • Investigate potency, purity and admixture of drugs
    • Plan and develop cultivation of medicinal plants
    • Prescribe collection, drying, and preservation methods
    • Understand active constituents, their chemical nature and reactions

    Detailed Description of Drugs

    • Origin: Biological, geographical, and commercial aspects
    • Cultivation: Collection, drying, packing, and storage details
    • Characters: Sensory, morphology, histology, and powder analyses
    • Constituents and uses: In medicine
    • Evaluation and testing: For adulteration

    Classification of Drugs

    • Alphabetical: Based on Latin or English names
    • Taxonomical: Based on plant source (phyla, orders, families, genera, species)

    Plant Taxonomy

    • Hierarchical structure for classifying plants
    • Provides a systematic way to understand and categorize plants

    Morphological, Chemical, and Pharmacological Characteristics

    • Morphological: Categorization by plant organs (leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, herbs, roots, rhizomes, barks, woods)
    • Chemical: Classification based on active constituents like glycosides, alkaloids, bitter principles, tannins, volatile oils
    • Pharmacological/Therapeutic: Drugs' effects (astringents, irritants, influencing GIT, heart, kidney, or nervous system)

    Official and Unofficial Drugs

    • Official drugs are listed in Pharmacopoeia (government-recognized standard books)
    • Pharmacopoeia contains official standards for each drug

    Utilisation of Drugs

    • Primary use of drugs is treating or preventing diseases
    • Other uses: Filtration materials (cotton, kieselguhr), Adsorbents (charcoal), Decolorizing agents (charcoal)

    Additional Uses of Drugs

    • Suspending and emulsifier: Acacia
    • Solvents: Fixed oils of almond, corn, olive, cottonseed, castor, peanut, poppy seed, sesame
    • Ointment Bases: Wool fat, bees wax,
    • Suppositories Bases: Gelatin, cacao butter
    • Gillies: Gelatin, pectin's, gums

    Other Characteristics of Drugs

    • Preservatives: Benzoin, guaiacum, sucrose
    • Diluents and Fillers: Althea, licorice, lactose, starch, sucrose, nut shells
    • Binders and Excipients: Tragacanth, acacia, gelatin, honey, sucrose, starch
    • Sweetners: Honey, sucrose
    • Flavouring agents: Anise, peppermint, cacao, clove, cinnamon, licorice, thyme, vanilla, lemon, orange
    • Colouring Agents: Alkanna, cochineal, Roselle, red sanders
    • Perfumery: Lavender, rose, geranium, pelargonium
    • Coating Tablets: Acacia, cacao, gelatin, sucrose, balsam tolu
    • Capsule Material: Gelatin
    • Culture Media: Agar, gelatin, dextrose, ox-bile, inulin, lactose, sucrose
    • Indicators: Litmus, hematoxylin
    • Foods: Gums, yeast, agar, sugars, alginates, fixed oils, volatile oils, starches, cacao, kola, soft drinks, ginger, capsicum, mustards, nutmeg, cardamom, cloves
    • Cosmetics: Rose, citronella, lavender, volatile oils, jasmine

    Origin of Drugs

    • Biological origin: Name and family of plants from which drugs are obtained using the binomial system (Linnaeus)
    • Geographical origin: Area of plant growth, native or indigenous vs. acclimatized
    • Commercial origin: Trade channels, exporting countries and ports

    Cultivation of Medicinal Plants

    • Wild vs. cultivated plants (advantages and disadvantages of each)
    • Factors affecting propagation: seeds, vegetative (bulbs, corms, tubers, rhizomes, cutting, grafting, division)

    Factors Affecting Plant Growth and Production

    • Environmental factors (water, light, temperature, altitude)
    • Soil conditions (nutrients, macro/micro elements)
    • Growth regulators
    • Genetics and plant tissue culture

    Propagation of Medicinal Plants

    • Propagation methods (seeds: maturity, ripeness, health, non-dormant)
    • Seed coat dormancy (treated using soaking methods, sulphuric acid)
    • Embryo dormancy (treated using stratification)

    Additional Notes

    • General and detailed information about plant taxonomy are also included
    • Other factors that affect plant growth and production are also specified
    • Information on propagation processes, including germination and the binomial system is also provided

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    Description

    This quiz provides a comprehensive overview of the Pharmacognosy courses offered, including both mandatory and elective options. It covers key course details such as lecture and practical hours, along with credit hours for each course. Test your knowledge about pharmacognosy and the study of medicinal plants.

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