Lecture Exam III Review Sheet PDF

lOMoARcPSD|47304152 Lecture Exam III - Review Sheet Introduction to Biology (Henry Ford College) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by rayan elbgal ([email protected]) ...

lOMoARcPSD|47304152 Lecture Exam III - Review Sheet Introduction to Biology (Henry Ford College) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by rayan elbgal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47304152 Lecture Exam #3 – Study Guide Chapter 7(7.10 and 7.12 only) 1. Define species. What is necessary for two populations to be considered the same species? is a population that is capable of interbreeding to produce healthy, fertile offspring individuals capable of successfully interbreeding 2. Know the six reproductive barriers that prevent species from interbreeding. Behavioral isolation: Members of a species often identify each other through specific rituals. Mating time differences: Many species are able to reproduce only at specific times. Habitat isolation: If species live in slightly different habitats, they may never meet. Mechanical incompatibility: Members of different species often cannot mate because their anatomies are incompatible. Gametic incompatibility: The gametes (sperm and egg) of different species usually cannot fertilize each other. Hybrid weakness: Offspring of two species may be unfit, or they may be sterile. 3. Know the order of the taxonomic hierarchy, beginning with Domain and ending with species. a. BONUS! Know which category humans belong to for each (Domain, Kingdom, etc) Taxonomy is the identification, naming, and classification of species. All life is classified into one of three large groups called domains based on cell type Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species Sapiens 4. What three domains are included in the three domain system? Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya 5. Which domain do protists belong to? Eukarya Chapter 4 1. Know and understand: Kinetic energy, potential energy, and chemical energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Energy is converted from one form to another Downloaded by rayan elbgal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47304152 Potential energy is the energy an object has due to its location or structure. Chemical energy is potential energy stored in the bonds that hold atoms together into molecules. ATP 2. What is ATP? Why is it called the common energy currency? ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate) is a common energy currency molecule. Breaking a bond in ATP releases energy that can be used to drive other processes 3. What is a producer? What is a consumer? An organism called Producers can absorb the sun’s energy and convert it to chemical energy. They can make their own food Consumers obtain energy by eating producers 4. Who uses photosynthesis? Producers Who uses cellular respiration? Both(producers, consumers, or both) Photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy. However, both producers and consumers are only able to release chemical energy through the process of cellular respiration. Both producers and consumers must use cellular respiration, producers use photosynthesis 5. Where does photosynthesis take place (which organelle)? occur inside plant cell organelles called chloroplasts 6. What is the overall chemical equation for photosynthesis? 6CO2 + 6H2O + SUN ENERY= C6H12O6 + 6O2 7. What are the two stages of photosynthesis? Where does each take place? What happens during each stage? The light reactions capture sunlight and store it in high-energy molecules. Takes place in the thylakoid Energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll producing High-energy molecules of ATP and NADPH The Calvin cycle uses those high-energy molecules to produce sugar. STROMA 8. What is the chemical formula for glucose? C6H12O6 9. What is the waste product from photosynthesis? Oxygen 10.Where do the electrons that are used in photosynthesis come from originally? Water (H2O) is used during the light reaction as a source of electrons. Hydrogen in water 11.What three things can the sugar from photosynthesis be used for? Cellular Respiration, Storage, Cellulose 12.What is the overall chemical equation for cellular respiration? C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6 H2O + ENERGY 13.Where does it happen in the cell (which organelle)? inside the mitochondria 14.When the energy of ATP is used, what happens to the molecule (what is it turned into)? Downloaded by rayan elbgal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47304152 Transfers chemical energy from bodily processes that provide energy to ones that use energy ADP+P 15.What are the three stages of cellular respiration? What happens in each stage? Glycolysis Takes place in cytoplasm Splits glucose into 2 pyruvic acids Small amount of ATP produced Citric acid cycle Takes place in the mitochondrial fluid Pyruvic acid broken to CO2 High-energy electrons produced Small amount of ATP produced Electron transport chain Takes place in the inner membranes of mitochondria High-energy electrons move through chain Electrons combine with O2 to form H2O Lots of ATP produced 16.What is fermentation? How is it different than cellular respiration? In fermentation, energy is harvested from sugar without oxygen and uses pyruvic acid 17.Is sugar the only thing that can fuel cellular respiration? What other foods can be used? fats, carbs, protein 18.One question on the exam worth 10 pts will ask you to explain photosynthesis or cellular respiration in either sentence or diagram form. Understand them well enough that you can do this. Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + SUN ENERY= C6H12O6 + 6O2 The light reactions(Thylakoid) Energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll producing High-energy molecules of ATP and NADPH The Calvin cycle(STROMA) uses those high-energy molecules to produce sugar. Chapter 8 1. Know the main structural features of prokaryotes One Cell, Nucleoid, Cell Wall, Sticky Capsule, Flagella, Pilli(some create endospore) Cell wall - Provides protection in a range of environments Flagella - propel cells Sticky capsule - Provides protection and allows cell to stick to surfaces Some prokaryotic species can form an endospore, a thick-shelled protective container for harsh conditions. Many prokaryotes reproduce by “splitting in half,” a process called binary fission Downloaded by rayan elbgal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47304152 2. Know the different shapes of bacteria Cocci are cells with a spherical shape that maybe found alone, In chains, or clustered. Bacilli are rod-shaped cells that may be found singly or in chains Spiral or curved shaped prokaryotes mostly occur singly 3. What are the two domains of prokaryotes? Domain Bacteria Unicellular Found everywhere Some cause disease, but most are beneficial Domain Archaea Unicellular Often live in extreme conditions 4. Know the three types of Archaea and what environments they live in. Methanogens live in oxygen-free (anaerobic) environments. Methanogens emit methane gas as a waste product of their metabolism. They are frequently found in the thick mud at the bottom of a swamp or bog Halophiles thrive in salty environments Thermophiles tolerate high-temperature environments 5. Know that there are both helpful and harmful bacteria. 6. What is the leading scientific hypothesis explaining how the endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells originated? INFLODING Internal membranes likely evolved from inward folding of the plasma membrane 7. How did mitochondria and chloroplasts arise in eukaryotic cells? The mitochondria and chloroplast likely originated from endosymbiosis 8. What does the term protist describe? What Domain do they belong in? Protist is used to describe all eukaryotes that do not belong to the plant, animal, or fungus kingdoms EUKARYA 9. When does the oldest known multicellular fossil date to? Multicellular life emerged around 1.2 billion years ago 10. What two defining characteristics of life does a virus not possess? A virus has no cells and cannot reproduce on its own. 11. Which cycle, lytic or lysogenic, causes quick death for the bacterial host cells? The lytic cycle 12. In the HIV life cycle, HIV’s genetic material enters the cell as what (RNA or DNA)? How does it trick the host cell into replicating its DNA? HIV is a retrovirus, with an RNA genome. To reproduce, HIV uses reverse transcriptase to convert RNA into DNA INCOPRERATES INSELFT INTO THE HOSTS DNA Chapter 9 1. What is the major role fungi play in ecosystems? Fungi decompose dead organisms. Helps recycle nutrients Downloaded by rayan elbgal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47304152 2. Know the names of the fungi in the gallery of fungi on page 201 Penicillin, Athlete’s Foot (Parasitic Fungi), Yeast, Lichen, Edible Fungi (Mushrooms) 3. In plants, what role do mycorrhizae play? Fungi and plant roots form a symbiotic association called mycorrhizae. The fungus provides the plant with water and minerals absorbed from the soil. The plant provides sugars as nourishment for the fungus. 4. What are the main functions of the root system? The roots of a plant anchor it in the soil, absorb water and minerals, transport nutrients to other parts of the plant, and store food 5. What are the main functions of the shoot system? The shoots of a plant are the above ground structures. PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND REPRODUCTION Terminal bud has newly forming leaves at the tip of the stem and helps increase exposure of the plant to sunlight Flower is a reproductive structure; other types of plants use different structures 6. Why is a cuticle necessary for a plant to survive on land? Waxy coating that prevents water loss 7. What do xylem transport? What do phloem transport? Phloem transport sugars FROM SHOOOTS AND ROOTS. Phloem sap always flows from a sugar source to a sugar sink. Xylem primarily transports water and minerals from the roots to shoots 8. What are the three plant tissue systems? Dermal, Ground and Vascular 9. Know the correct order the following plant parts evolved (oldest to most recent): flowers, vascular system, waxy cuticle, and seeds. Waxy Cuticle, Vascular System, Seeds, Flowers 10.How do xylem transport water (through what process)? Transpiration 11.What is a defining characteristic of a gymnosperm? CONE What about an angiosperm? FLOWERS 12.Know the different characteristics of monocots and dicots Monocots- One cotyledon, Fibrous Root System, Leaf veins parallel, Floral parts in multiples of three Dicots- Two cotyledons, Taproot, Leaf veins branching, Petals in multiplies in four or five 13.What is a fruit? A mature or ripen ovary Chapter 10 1. Know the common characteristics of all animals All consumers, all multicellular, eukaryotes 2. Know the main characteristics for each of the nine phyla in the animal kingdom. Downloaded by rayan elbgal ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47304152 3. Be able to draw the tree of life including the three domains, four kingdoms of Eukaryotes, and nine phyla of Animals. Downloaded by rayan elbgal ([email protected])