Biophysical Foundations of Human Movement PDF Lecture Notes

Biophysical Foundations of Human Movement Part 1  What is kinesiology?  Study of human movement from a science and art perspective.  Evaluation of human movement by describing what happened and examining its sources.  Study of human movement from a physical sciences per...

Biophysical Foundations of Human Movement Part 1  What is kinesiology?  Study of human movement from a science and art perspective.  Evaluation of human movement by describing what happened and examining its sources.  Study of human movement from a physical sciences perspective.  What is kinesiology?  The study of human movement from a science and art perspective.  Department’s definition  Umbrella term that includes ◼ Adapted Physical Education ◼ athletic Training ◼ Biomechanics ◼ coaching ◼ Exercise Physiology ◼ Motor Behavior (Motor control, Motor learning, Developmental) ◼ Nutrition ◼ Pedagogy (p.e.) ◼ Sport Art, history, Philosophy, Sociology ◼ Sport and Exercise psychology  What is kinesiology?  Evaluation of human movement by describing what happened and examining its sources.  Biomechanics ◼ Application of mechanics to biological systems ◼ Study of motion and the effect of forces ◼ More specific than kinesology  What is kinesiology? Study of human movement from a physical sciences perspective What this department calls Structural Kinesiology  Foundations in 3 areas More specifically ◼ Anatomy – musculoskeletal Anatomy ◼ Physiology – Neuromuscular Physiology ◼ mechanics Physics – Biomechanics  Why study kinesiology?  To learn how to analyze movement and discover underlying principles that influence movement  To improve the human condition  To teach effective performance for successful participation  To improve the human structure  To learn what joint structure and exercise tolerances are present and would influence the prescriptions for rehabilitation and exercise.  To learn about the types of injuries that are likely to occur during a particular activity and how to prevent them.  Why study kinesiology?  To restore impaired function  To help one compensate for lost function  To win by improving athletic performance  To learn to diagnose difficulties, correct errors, and eliminate actions that limit performance  To optimize training effects while guarding against deleterious actions.  To learn how to present a skill and what points to emphasize.  Movements considered in a kinesiological analysis Sport Exercise Dance Leisure Activities Posture Gait (walking, etc.) Use of tools and household implements Use of technological workstations Modification of vocational and homemaking activities to accommodate to impaired function  Underlying aim for kinesiological knowledge  Help people perform with optimum ◼ Safety ◼ Effectiveness- getting the job done ◼ Efficiency- getting the job done with minimal energy  Methods of study  Quantitative  Qualitative  Methods of study - Quantitative  Numerical  Based on data collected ◼ Movement tracking (kinematic) ⚫ Video ⚫ Electromagnetics ⚫ IRED, LEDs ◼ Electromyography (kinetic) ◼ Force sensing instruments (kinetic) ◼ Computer simulation (kinematic or kinetic)  Examples ◼ Stress on shoulder during baseball pitch ◼ Compression force on femur during landing  Methods of study - Qualitative  Non-numerical  Observation  Equipment not necessary but aided by video, still shots, or single photography ◼ Movement may be slowed or stopped ◼ Allows for careful, prolonged study of a moment in time ◼ Helps the naked eye view detail  Focus on perception of time and space (kinematic)  Examples: ◼ Rotation of femur during golf swing ◼ Adduction of humerus during freestyle swim  Anatomy vs. Functional Anatomy  Anatomy ◼ Structure of the body ◼ Useful for assessing injury ◼ Example: Study of biceps brachii  Functional Anatomy ◼ Body components necessary to achieve movement ◼ Focus on function ◼ Example: Analysis of elbow curl ◼ Assess injury risk ◼ Set up exercise, weight training, rehab program  Reference Systems  Necessary for accurate observation & description  Fundamental & anatomical positions  Axes ◼ Imaginary lines that intersect at right angles  Origin ◼ Point of intersections of axes  Relative vs Absolute  Relative ◼ Segment movement described relative to the adjacent segment  Absolute ◼ Axes intersect in the center of a joint ◼ Reference for movement does not change  Anatomical Position  All joints extended  Palms facing forward  Feet shoulder width  Upper arm slightly abducted  zero position  Reference Positions  Anatomical position ◼ Standard reference point ◼ Palms palms front  Fundamental position ◼ similar to anatomical position ◼ Arms more relaxed ◼ Palms faced inward  Segments  Confusion with respect to arm and leg  More distal you are the smaller and lighter the segment  Terminology Superior (cranial) – toward the Superior head end or upper part of a structure; above. Example: the head is superior to the abdomen. Inferior (caudal) – away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure; below. Example: the navel is inferior to the chin Inferior  Terminology Anterior (ventral) – toward or at Posterior (dorsal) – toward or at the front of the body. In front of. the back of the body. Behind. Example: The sternum is anterior Example: The vertebral column to the heart. is posterior to the heart.  Terminology Intermediate Lateral Medial  Medial – Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of Ex: The vastus medialis is located on the anterior, medial side of the thigh  Lateral – away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of Ex: The vastus lateralis is located on the anterior, lateral side of the thigh  Intermediate – between a more medial and a more lateral structure Ex: The vastus intermedius is located between the vastus medialis and vastus lateralis  Terminology Proximal – closer to the origin of Proximal the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk. Unless stated origin is the trunk Example: the elbow is proximal to the wrist. Distal – farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk. Unless stated origin is the trunk. Example: the knee is distal to the thigh. Distal  Terminology Superficial – toward or at the surface of the body Example: the skin is superficial to skeletal muscle. Deep – away from the body surface. More internal Example: the lungs are deep to the skin.  Terminology  Contralateral - actions, positions, landmark locations on the opposite side as a particular reference point  Ipsilateral - actions, positions, landmark locations on the same side Contralateral Ipsilateral as a particular reference point  Terminology  Center of Mass ◼ Point at which all the body’s mass may be considered to be concentrated ◼ balance point ◼ Location depends on mass of segments and the distribution of the mass  Axial Skeleton Accounts for 50 % of body Skull weight Moves relatively slowly Good to observe when one is learning to analyze Vertebral movement Column Sternum & Ribs Appendicular Skeleton  Planes & Axes PLANE -- a two -dimensional surface defined by 3 points not on the same line (i.e. not colinear pt 2 pt 1 pt 3 PLANE MOTION OCCURS “IN A PLANE”  Planes & Axes Leg Swing during gait (walking/running) Plane Leg swings “IN THE PLANE”  Planes & Axes AXIS AXIS - a line passing perpendicularly through a plane PLANE MOTION OCCURS “About AN AXIS”  Planes & Axes Leg Swing during gait (walking/running) AXIS AXIS PASSES through JOINT CENTER  Planes & Axes Sagittal (median) Plane Divides the body into Right and Left parts Revolves around the medial/lateral axis Frontal Plane Divides the body into anterior and Posterior parts. Revolves around the anterior/posterior axis Horizontal (transverse) Plane Divides the body into SUPERIOR and INFERIOR parts. Revolves around the longitudinal axis Planes & Axes  Oblique Planes & Axes Primary planes of motion: ◼ Sagittal, transverse, frontal This is not to suggest all motion happens in one of these planes Oblique planes - ◼ infinite number exist  Sagittal Plane Movements Flexion  Movement away from anatomical position  Decrease in angle between two segments  Sagittal Plane Movements Extension  Movement toward anatomical position  Increase in angle between two segments  Hyper - Flexion & Extension  Hyperflexion ◼ Flexion beyond normal range?  Hyperextension ◼ Extension beyond normal range? Sagittal Plane Movements  Sagittal Plane Movements Dorsiflexion  Movement of dorsum of foot superiorly  Toes to nose Plantar flexion  Movement of plantar surface of foot inferiorly  Toe point  Frontal Plane Movements ABduction - move away from midline of body ADduction - move towards midline of body  Abduction & Adduction  Hyperabduction ◼ Abduction past 180 point  Hyperadduction ◼ adduction past 0° point  Frontal Plane Movements  Lateral flexion - bend trunk to L/R  Frontal Plane Movements Inversion  Movement of plantar surface of foot medially  Lift medial border of foot Eversion  Movement of plantar surface of foot laterally  Lift lateral border of foot  Frontal Plane Movements Radial deviation (flexion, abduction)- move toward radial styloid. Thumb moves closer to radius Ulnar deviation (flexion, adduction) - move toward ulnar styloid. Pinky moves closer to ulna  Frontal Plane Movements  Elevation - move shoulder girdle superiorly  Depression - move shoulder gridle inferiorly  Upward rotation – bottom of scapula moves away from trunk, top moves toward  Downward rotation – return to normal  Frontal Plane Movements Valgus (knock-kneed) Lateral angulation of the distal joint segment. Hip: coxa valgus (Latin cox = hip) - femur shaft angled lateral with respect to femur neck, causing bowleggedness. Knee: genu valgus (Latin genu = knee) - tibia angled lateral with respect to femur, resulting in a knock-kneed appearance. Ankle: talipes valgus (Latin talus = ankle and pes = foot) - lateral angulation of heel, resulting in clubfoot, person walks on inner foot. Varus (bowlegged) Medial angulation of the distal joint segment Hip: coxa varus - femur shaft is angled medial with respect to the femur neck, causing knock-knee. Knee: genu varus - tibia angled medial with respect to the femur, creates bowlegged deformity. Ankle: talipes varus - heel angled medial, resulting in clubfoot person walks on outer foot.  Horizontal Plane Movements medial rotation - anterior surface rotates toward the midline of the body (also called inward or internal rotation) lateral rotation - anterior surface rotates away from the body midline (also called outward or external rotation)  Horizontal Plane Movements Supination – anterior surface moves laterally; rotate palm up Pronation - anterior surface moves medially; rotate palm down  Movement of the Scapulae  Protraction – move scapulae apart  Retraction – move scapulae together  Horizontal Plane Movements Horizontal adduction - move towards midline in transverse plane (also called horizontal flexion) Horizontal abduction - move away from midline in transverse plane (also called horizontal extension) Oblique Plane Movements Oblique Plane Movements  Oblique Plane Movements  Supination of the Foot (SIPAd) ◼ inversion ◼ Plantarflexion ◼ Adduction  Pronation of the Foot (PEDAb_) ◼ Eversion ◼ dorsiflexion ◼ Abduction  Types of Joints  Without a joint cavity ◼ Synarthrosis(immovable) ⚫ Fibrous (suture) Types of Joints  Types of Joints  Without a joint cavity ◼ Synarthrosis (immovable) ⚫ Fibrous (Suture) ⚫ syndesmosis(Ligamentous ) Types of Joints  Types of Joints  Without a joint cavity ◼ Synarthrosis (immovable) ⚫ Fibrous (Suture) ⚫ Syndesmosis (Ligamentous) ◼ Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable) ⚫ Symphysis (fibrocartilage) Types of Joints  Types of Joints  Without a joint cavity ◼ Synarthrosis (immovable) ⚫ Fibrous (Suture) ⚫ Syndesmosis (Ligamentous) ◼ Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable) ⚫ Symphysis (Fibrocartilage) ⚫ synchondrosis (Hyaline cartilage) Types of Joints  Types of Joints  With a joint cavity (diarthrotic) Types of Joints  Types of Joints  With a joint cavity (Diarthrotic) ◼ Gliding (Irregular, Plane) Joint Types of Joints Movements Twisting or Gliding  Types of Joints  With a joint cavity (Diarthrotic) ◼ Gliding (Irregular, Plane) ◼ Hinge Types of Joints Movements Flexion / Extension  Types of Joints  With a joint cavity (Diarthrotic) ◼ Gliding (Irregular, Plane) ◼ Hinge ◼ Pivot Types of Joints Movements Rotation  Types of Joints  With a joint cavity (Diarthrotic) ◼ Gliding (Irregular, Plane) ◼ Hinge ◼ Pivot ◼ Condyloid (ellipsoidal) Types of Joints Movements Flexion / Extension Abduction / Adduction Circumduction  Types of Joints  With a joint cavity (Diarthrotic) ◼ Gliding (Irregular, Plane) ◼ Hinge ◼ Pivot ◼ Condyloid (Ellipsoid) ◼ saddle Types of Joints Movements Flexion / Extension Abduction / Adduction Circumduction Slight Rotation  Types of Joints  With a joint cavity (Diarthrotic) ◼ Gliding (Irregular, Plane) ◼ Hinge ◼ Pivot ◼ Condyloid (Ellipsoid) ◼ Saddle ◼ Ball and socket Types of Joints Movements Flexion / Extension Abduction / Adduction Horizontal Abduction / Adduction Circumduction Rotation  Structural Analysis  Need to understand mechanical properties of body tissues  The force applied to deform a structure (stress) and the resulting deformation (strain)  Tested in tension, compression, shear ◼ How materials change with age ◼ How materials react to different force applications ◼ How materials react to a withdrawal of stress  Stress-Strain Curve  Stress (σ) ◼ Force applied ⏊ to a surface to deform a structure ◼ Force per unit area 2 ◼ Measured in N/m or pascals(Pa) ◼ σ=F/A  Strain (ε) ◼ Deformation caused by applied stress ◼ ε=ΔL/L ◼ L = resting length  Stress-Strain Curve (cont.) Insert figure 1-9.  Elastic modulus (k) ◼ stiffness of a material ◼ k=stress/strain=σ/ε  Yield ◼ Point where slope decreases  Elastic Region ◼ Period before yield ◼ structure will return to original length without damage  Stress-Strain Curve (cont.)  Plastic region ◼ Region after yield point ◼ Material (permanently) damaged  Failure ◼ Force beyond plastic region, stress falls to 0  Failure strength ◼ Maximum stress before failure  Failure Strain ◼ Peak strain reached prior to failure  Stress-Strain Curve (cont.)  Safety factor ◼ 5-10x typical stress on structure elastic  Stress-Strain Curve (cont.)  Residual strain ◼ difference between original length and length resulting from stress into the plastic region  Stored Mechanical Energy  Proportional to area under stress-strain curve  ME = ½σε  When applied force is removed, stored energy is released  Spring, rubber band, trampoline  Types of Materials  Elastic ◼ In elastic region, linear relationship between stress and strain ◼ Energy stored is fully recovered  Viscoelastic ◼ Non-linear (viscous) relationship between stress and strain ⚫ Elastic modulus (slope) varies depending on region ◼ Magnitude of stress dependent on loading rate ◼ Hysteresis: energy lost in a viscoelastic material ◼ Tendon, ligament  Types of Materials  Brittle ◼ highest elastic modulus (slope) ◼ Stores less energy than compliant  Stiff ◼ High elastic modulus (slope)  Compliant ◼ low elastic modulus (slope) ◼ Stores more energy than stiff