Anatomy & Kinesiology: The Basics PDF

ANATOMY & KINESIOLOGY The Basics BY: TITUS NATHANIEL V. BUCAYAN, PTRP  I. Definition of Terms 1. Kinesiology 2. Biomechanics Statics Dynamics 3. Kinematics Transl...

ANATOMY & KINESIOLOGY The Basics BY: TITUS NATHANIEL V. BUCAYAN, PTRP  I. Definition of Terms 1. Kinesiology 2. Biomechanics Statics Dynamics 3. Kinematics Translatory v Angular Osteokinematics overview Arthrokinematics II. Cardinal Planes III. Center of Gravity Adult v Infant Stability Regional COG IV. Line of Gravity V. Range of Motion VI. Osteology VII. Arthrology VIII. Myology IX. Leverage  I. Definition of Terms II. Cardinal Planes III. Center of Gravity IV. Line of Gravity V. Range of Motion Degrees of Freedom overview End-Feels VI. Osteology I. Functions II. Parts III. Cellular Components IV. OKC v CKC VII. Arthrology VIII. Myology IX. Leverage  I. Definition of Terms II. Cardinal Planes III. Center of Gravity IV. Line of Gravity V. Range of Motion VI. Osteology overview VII. Arthrology Types OPP v CPP VIII. Myology Mechanisms of Contraction Types of Contractions Spurt v Shunt Length-Tension Relationship Excursion IX. Leverage definition of terms Kinesiology. Study of movements of the body based on physical sciences Biomechanics. Appreciation of different factors/efforts acting on the body; gravity, friction, internal resistance, external resistance Statics. Bodies at rest; constant motion Dynamics. Acceleration/deceleration definition of terms Kinematics. Study of motion regardless of the forces. Translatory/Linear. Parallel an axis; unidirectional Rotatory/Angular. Around an axis. definition of terms Osteokinematics. Movement between the shafts of two bones; flexion/extension, abduction/adduction/rotation Arthrokinematics. Movement between articulating surfaces. Spinning Gliding/Sliding Rolling/Rocking CARDINAL PLANES  PLANES AXIS MOVEMENTS EXCEPTIONS Abd/add, CORONAL/ XY Z 1st CMC Deviations, FRONTAL Front-Back Antero-posterior Flex/Ext Inv/Eve X YZ 1st CMC SAGITTAL Medio-lateral Flex/Ext Left-Right Abd/add Horizontal TRANSVERSE/ XZ Y Rotation, ---- HORIZONTAL Up-down Vertical Pron/Supin CARDINAL PLANES CENTER OF GRAVITY LOCATION OF THE COG Adults. ~2” ant to the S2 V. Body; ~55% of height Infants. T10; ~Xiphoid Process REGIONAL COG Head. Base of the occipital area Head, neck & trunk. T11 UE. Just above the elbow jt. Arm. Medial head of Triceps brachii Forearm. Pronator teres Wrist & hand. 3rd Metacarpal LE. Just above the knee jt. Thigh. Adductor brevis Leg. Popliteus Ankle & foot. 2nd Metatarsal  COG STABILITY 1. Lower COG height 2. Wider BOS 3. Decreased COG and BOS distance  LINE OF GRAVITY  “ATATPAA” “PAPA-PAA” A. AOJ P. Cervical T. Cervical A. Thoracic A. Thoracic P. Lumbar T. Lumbosacral A. Sacral P. Hip P. Hip A. Knee A. Knee A. Ankle A. Ankle LINE OF GRAVITY  STATIC DYNAMIC AOJ Ligamentum nuchae Cervical extensors CERVICAL THORACIC Posterior longitudinal Erector spinae LUMBOSACRAL ligament HIP Iliofemoral ligament Iliopsoas KNEE Posterior cruciate Hamstrings ligament/posterior capsule ANKLE & FOOT --- Soleus LOG STABILIZERS RANGE OF MOTION DEGREES OF FREEDOM  NORMAL END-FEELS Soft. Soft tissue approximation Firm. Tissue stretch Hard. Bony approximation; bone-to-bone  Soft. Soft tissue approximation ABNORMAL Firm. Tissue stretch END-FEELS Hard. Bony approximation Empty. Pain Muscle Spasm. Early. Acute Late. Chronic Capsular. Soft. Effusions, swelling, edema Hard. Adhesions Boggy. Bursae Springy-block. Meniscal tear OSTEOLOGY FUNCTIONS OF BONES Framework RBC Formation Fat Storage Lever CELLULAR COMPONENTS 1. Osteoprogenitor Cells 2. Osteoblasts 3. Osteoclasts 4. Osteocytes BONE TYPES Long. Length > width Short. Width > length; E.g., carpals, tarsals Flat. Sternum, scapula, innominates, skull, ribs Sesamoid. Bone nodules embedded within tendons; E.g., patella, EHL Irregular. E.g., vertebrae  OKC CKC PROXIMAL Stable Moving SEGMENT DISTAL SEGMENT Moving Stable MOVEMENT NWB WB OPEN- v CLOSED-KINEMATIC CHAINS ARTHROLOGY  Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis  Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Immovable Diarthrosis Gomphosis. Teeth. Sutures. Sutures, Wormian bones  Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Mejo movable Diarthrosis Synchondrosis. IV joints Syndesmosis. IO membrane Symphysis. Pubis  Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Freely movable Diarthrosis (+) synovial membrane Enclosed capsule (+) joint fluid Blood vessels  1 2 3 UNIAXIAL – 1 DOF BIAXIAL – 2 DOF MULTIAXIAL – 3 or more DOF Hinge/Ginglymus. Ellipsoid & Flex/ext; elbow Condyloid. Ovoid- Ball-and-socket/ Pivot/Trochoid. shaped; flex/ext, Enarthrodal/ Rotation; TMJ abd/add; wrist Sphenoidal/ Saddle/Sellar. Universal Biconcave and biconvex; flex/ext, abd/add, rot; 1st CMC  OPP CPP Loose capsule Tight capsule Slack ligaments Taut ligaments â Joint á Joint compression compression â Joint congruency á Joint congruency á Movability â Movability OPEN- v CLOSED-PACKED POSITIONS MYOLOGY  MECHANISMS OF Agonist/Prime Mover. Initiator CONTRACTION Antagonist. Control of the agonist Synergist. Force couples; stabilizes intermediate joints Fixator. Stabilizes the origin of the agonist CONTRACTION TYPES Isotonic. (+) change in joint angle Concentric. Shortening; power & speed Eccentric. Lengthening; control Isometric. (-) change in joint angle Isokinetic. Constant speed or Ω Shunt. Origin near functioning joint; stability Spurt. Origin far from functioning joint; mobility LENGTH-TENSION RELATIONSHIP MUSCLE EXCURSION Active Insufficiency. Shortest length; maximum contraction Passive Insufficiency. Maximum length; limits range of the second joint LEVERAGE  1 2 3 LEVER OF BALANCE LEVER OF POWER LEVER OF SPEED The Seesaw The Wheelbarrow The Hammer* MA = 1.0 MA > 1.0 MA < 1.0 E.g., AOJ E.g., MT joints E.g., Majority of OKC motions THAT’S ALL, PEACE OUT