Kinesiology Lecture Notes PDF

kinesiology Dr. nouran Mahmoud awad B.SC , M.Sc., Ph.D. Faculty of physical therapy Anatomical Position The position used to describe location of anatomical parts and to describe and explain human movement. The subject is: 1-Standing upright with feet flat on the floor. 2-Arms at the si...

kinesiology Dr. nouran Mahmoud awad B.SC , M.Sc., Ph.D. Faculty of physical therapy Anatomical Position The position used to describe location of anatomical parts and to describe and explain human movement. The subject is: 1-Standing upright with feet flat on the floor. 2-Arms at the side of the body. 3-Facing the observer. 4-Palms are facing forward (supinated). B-Fundamental position: It is essentially same as anatomical position except arms are at the sides & palms facing the body. Planes of Motion There are generally three planes used to describe segmental and body movements in physical activity. 1. Sagittal plane: Vertical plane that cuts the body into right and left sides. 2-Frontal plane: )Coronal Plane( Vertical plane that cuts the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts. 3-Transverse plane: Horizontal plane that cuts the body into superior and inferior parts. Axes of Motion Anatomical Axes: An axis is the point about which rotation of a body or of a body segment occurs. There are three axes of rotation. Each axis is associated with a plane of motion and the axis is perpendicular to that plane. 1-Frontal axis (Medio lateral axis): Passes through the body from side to side perpendicular to the sagittal plane. Flexion and extension occur in sagittal plane around frontal axis. 2-Sagittal axis (Antereo posterior axis): Passes through the body from front to back perpendicular to the frontal plane Abduction adduction occur in frontal plane around Sagital axis. 3-Longitudinal axis: Passes through the body from top to bottom perpendicular to the transverse plane. Rotation occurs in transverse plane around longitudinal axis. A-Movements in the sagittal plane around frontal axis (e.g., Flexion and extension which occur during cycling, running). Flexion: flexion at a joint result in a decrease of the angle between the two segments that meet at that joint. Extension: extension at a joint result in an increase of the angle between the two segments that meet at that joint. if the movement occurs beyond the extended position, the action is called hyperextension B-Movements in the frontal plane around anteroposterior axis. (e.g., abduction and adduction) Abduction occurs when a body part is moved away from the midline of the body, e.g. shoulder, hip, fingers. Adduction occurs when a body part is moved toward the midline of the body, e.g. shoulder, hip, fingers. C- Movements in the transverse plane around longitudinal axis (e.g. medial and lateral rotation or twist) Rotation: The movement of a bone around its own axis; this is also known as a pivot. Internal (medial)rotation: Rotation towards the midline, e.g. turning or rotating forearm in towards body. External (lateral) rotation: Rotation away from midline. e.g. turning forearm away from body.  Pronation: Rotation of the forearm and hand to the palms down position. Supination: Rotation of the forearm and hand to the palms up position. (remember holding a cup of "soup").  What is kinesiology? Kinesiology from the Greek words ‘kinesis’- to Move, ‘ology’- science It Is the scientific study of movements. Movement, or motion, involves a change in place, position, or posture relative to some point in the environment. kinesiology as the scientific study of human movement can be an umbrella term used to describe any form of anatomical, physiological, psychological, or mechanical human movement evaluation Biomechanics: The term biomechanics combines the prefix bio, meaning “life,” with the field of mechanics, which is the study of the actions of forces. It is the study of human movements through the use of physics. the study of forces acting on and generated within a body and the effects of these forces on the tissues, fluid, or materials used for the diagnosis, treatment, or research purposes.  KINESIOLOGY (kinesis= to move, ology =science) Mechanical kinesiology= Biomechanics kinematics kinematic analysis it is a descriptive analysis of motion that involves the description of movement to determine how fast an object is moving, how high it goes, or how far it travels. Kinetics: It is the causal analysis of motion that examines the forces acting on a system that produce or change motion, either linear force that cause linear motion or angular force that cause angular motion. Pushing on a table may or may not move the table, depending on the direction and strength of the push. A push or pull between two objects that may or may not result in motion is termed a force. A kinetic movement analysis is more difficult than a kinematic analysis to both comprehend and evaluate because forces cannot be seen. Only the effects of forces can be observed.  F FORCE (N)= M MASS(KG) × A ACCELERATION (m/s2) Anything that can do work is called a force. Force can also be defined as (vector) quantity this vector (it has magnitude and direction) and has 4 characteristics: 1. Magnitude (of the force) which is indicated by the length of the arrow. 2. Direction (of the force) which is indicated by the arrow's head. 3. Point of application is indicated by the tail of the arrow. = Point of insertion 4. Line of application (angle of pull) is indicated by the angle of the arrow with the horizontal line EXTERNAL FORCES 1- Force of gravity (Gravitational force): If you release any object above the ground it falls, because it is attracted towards the Earth. This force of attraction is called GRAVITY. The force of gravity on an object is its weight. The weight of the body can be expressed by the equation: Weight (N) = mass (kg) × gravitational constant (g) (W in Newtons) = (M in kg) Where g = 9.8 m/s2 or = 10 The force of gravity acts on a body at the exact center of its mass. The size of the force depends on the weight or mass of the body. 2) Ground reaction force: This force is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force of gravity or the body weight, so these two forces constitute a pair of forces called action and reaction forces. Magnitude = body weight Direction = upward Point of application(POA) = contact with ground Line of application(LOA) = 90 degree  3- Frictional force: It is the force needed to make one surface slide over the other. The magnitude of the maximal frictional force depends on: 1) How firmly the surfaces are pressed together 2) The nature of the materials in contact and their effects on each other due to their degree of roughness. force vector: Magnitude = varying Direction = opposite to direction of movement Point of application(POA) = contact area between two surfaces. Line of application(LOA) = 0 degrees 4-PRESSURE: Pressure is defined as the total force applied per unit area of force application and may be expressed by the equation: Pressure (P) = Force(F) / Area (A) By enlarging the area of contact, the same force can be spread over a much larger area so reducing the pressure. force vector: Magnitude = varying Direction = perpendicular on surface Point of application(POA) = contact area between two surfaces. Line of application(LOA) = 90 degrees with surface. 5-Resistance: it is defined as the force, which tends to reduce movement or to stop a moving object. It is directly related to the surface area. R α A (area). To improve body movement either in the air or in the water, the resistance must be reduced. force vector: Magnitude = varying Direction = perpendicular on surface Point of application(POA) = contact area between two surfaces. Line of application(LOA) = 90 degrees with surface.