Lecture 8 PSYC2550 Slides PDF

1 2 +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | PSYCHOSOCIA | | | PSYCHOSOCIA | | | L | | | L | | | THEORY | | | THEORY | | +======...

1 2 +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | PSYCHOSOCIA | | | PSYCHOSOCIA | | | L | | | L | | | THEORY | | | THEORY | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | - **Psych | | | - Each | | | osocial | | | life | | | theory* | | | stage | | | * | | | brings | | | seeks | | | a | | | to | | | normal | | | underst | | | crisis, | | | and | | | which | | | how | | | can be | | | changes | | | viewed | | | in | | | as a | | | self-un | | | tension | | | derstanding | | | between | | | , | | | an | | | social | | | individ | | | relatio | | | ual's | | | nships, | | | abiliti | | | and | | | es | | | one's | | | and the | | | relatio | | | new | | | nship | | | demands | | | with | | | of | | | society | | | society | | | are | | | | | | influen | | | - People | | | ced | | | strive | | | by | | | to | | | biologi | | | reduce | | | cal, | | | this | | | psychol | | | tension | | | ogical, | | | by | | | and | | | using | | | societa | | | familia | | | l | | | r | | | systems | | | coping | | | | | | strateg | | | - Develop | | | ies | | | ment | | | and by | | | is the | | | learnin | | | outcome | | | g | | | of | | | new | | | continu | | | ones | | | ous | | | | | | interac | | | - Positiv | | | tion | | | e | | | between | | | resolut | | | the | | | ion | | | individ | | | = new | | | ual | | | coping | | | and | | | strateg | | | social | | | ies | | | environ | | | | | | ment | | | - Negativ | | | | | | e | | | | | | resolut | | | | | | ion | | | | | | = | | | | | | defensi | | | | | | veness, | | | | | | rigidit | | | | | | y, | | | | | | or | | | | | | withdra | | | | | | wal | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ 3 4 5 6 7 8 +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | KEY | | | STAGES OF | | | CONCEPTS | | | DEVELOPMENT | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | ¡ | | | - **Devel | | | Psychosocia | | | opmental | | | l | | | stage** | | | theory | | | -- | | | accounts | | | period | | | for | | | of life | | | systematic | | | charact | | | changes | | | erized | | | over the | | | by a | | | lifespan | | | specifi | | | through | | | c | | | five basic | | | structu | | | concepts: | | | re | | | | | | or | | | 1. Stages | | | organiz | | | of | | | ation | | | Develop | | | | | | ment | | | - Every | | | | | | stage | | | 2. Psychos | | | has | | | ocial | | | charact | | | crisis | | | eristics | | | | | | that | | | 3. A | | | are | | | radius | | | unique | | | of | | | | | | signifi | | | - Propose | | | cant | | | s | | | relatio | | | a | | | nships | | | specifi | | | | | | c | | | 4. Prime | | | directi | | | adaptiv | | | on | | | e | | | of | | | ego | | | develop | | | qualiti | | | ment | | | es | | | | | | | | | - At each | | | 5. Core | | | stage, | | | patholo | | | accompl | | | gies | | | ishments | | | | | | from | | | | | | the | | | | | | previou | | | | | | s | | | | | | stages | | | | | | provide | | | | | | resourc | | | | | | es | | | | | | for | | | | | | masteri | | | | | | ng | | | | | | new | | | | | | challen | | | | | | ges | | | | | | | | | | | | - Concept | | | | | | of | | | | | | stages | | | | | | of | | | | | | develop | | | | | | ment | | | | | | refers | | | | | | to | | | | | | pattern | | | | | | s | | | | | | of | | | | | | changes | | | | | | in | | | | | | self-co | | | | | | ncept | | | | | | and | | | | | | coordin | | | | | | ated | | | | | | sense | | | | | | of self | | | | | | in | | | | | | society | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ 9 10  +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | - **Psych | | | One must | | | osocial | | | achieve a | | | crisis* | | | sense of | | | * | | | security | | | -- | | | and | | | refers | | | confidence | | | to a | | | based on | | | state | | | early | | | of | | | interaction | | | tension | | | s | | | that | | | | | | results | | | | | | from | | | | | | the | | | | | | discrep | | | | | | ancies | | | | | | between | | | | | | the | | | | | | person' | | | | | | s | | | | | | compete | | | | | | nces | | | | | | at the | | | | | | beginni | | | | | | ng | | | | | | of a | | | | | | stage | | | | | | and the | | | | | | society | | | | | | 's | | | | | | expecta | | | | | | tions | | | | | | for | | | | | | behavio | | | | | | r | | | | | | at that | | | | | | period | | | | | | of life | | | | | | | | | | | | - An | | | | | | individ | | | | | | ual | | | | | | must | | | | | | make | | | | | | psychol | | | | | | ogical | | | | | | efforts | | | | | | to | | | | | | adjust | | | | | | to the | | | | | | demands | | | | | | of the | | | | | | social | | | | | | environ | | | | | | ment | | | | | | at each | | | | | | stage | | | | | | of | | | | | | develop | | | | | | ment | | | | | | | | | | | | - Resolut | | | | | | ion | | | | | | = | | | | | | reduced | | | | | | tension | | | | | | and | | | | | | develop | | | | | | ment | | | | | | of new | | | | | | strengt | | | | | | hs | | | | | | for | | | | | | future | | | | | | stages | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ 15 16 +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | PSYCHOLOGIC | | | PSYCHOLOGIC | | | AL | | | AL | | | CRISIS | | | CRISIS | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **2. | | | **3. | | | Autonomy | | | Initiative | | | vs. Shame | | | vs. Guilt | | | and Doubt | | | (Locomotor- | | | (Muscular-a | | | genital)** | | | nal)** | | | | | | | | | If children | | | Stage at | | | face | | | which one | | | excessive | | | must assert | | | criticism, | | | independenc | | | control, or | | | e | | | punishment | | | and develop | | | they may | | | a sense of | | | develop | | | self-contro | | | feelings of | | | l | | | guilt | | | | | | | | | If | | | | | | caregivers | | | | | | are overly | | | | | | critical or | | | | | | restrictive | | | | | | child may | | | | | | feel shame | | | | | | and doubt | | | | | | of their | | | | | | abilities | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ 17 18 +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Stage at | | | Stage at | | | which one | | | which one | | | must | | | must | | | identify | | | achieve a | | | with the | | | clear | | | world of | | | identity | | | work and | | | | | | develop | | | | | | work ethic | | | | | | | | | | | | If children | | | | | | struggle to | | | | | | meet | | | | | | expectation | | | | | | s, | | | | | | or face | | | | | | repeated | | | | | | failures | | | | | | without | | | | | | adequate | | | | | | support | | | | | | they may | | | | | | develop | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ 19 20 +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | PSYCHOLOGIC | | | PSYCHOLOGIC | | | AL | | | AL | | | CRISIS | | | CRISIS | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **6. | | | **7. | | | Intimacy | | | Generativit | | | vs. | | | y | | | Isolation** | | | vs. | | | | | | Stagnation* | | | **(Young | | | * | | | adulthood)* | | | | | | * | | | **(Adulthoo | | | | | | d)** | | | Establishin | | | | | | g | | | Focuses on | | | a mutually | | | a strive to | | | satisfying | | | teach and | | | intimate | | | nurture | | | relationshi | | | future | | | p | | | generations | | | with | | | | | | another | | | | | | person to | | | | | | whom a | | | | | | lifelong | | | | | | commitment | | | | | | is made | | | | | | | | | | | | Success | | | | | | leads to | | | | | | strong | | | | | | relationshi | | | | | | ps, | | | | | | while | | | | | | failure | | | | | | results in | | | | | | loneliness | | | | | | and | | | | | | isolation | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ 21 22 +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | PSYCHOLOGIC | | | CRITICAL | | | AL | | | THINKING | | | CRISIS | | | TIME | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **8. Ego | | | **Think of | | | Integrity | | | a real-life | | | vs. | | | example of | | | Despair** | | | one of | | | | | | Erikson's | | | **(Maturity | | | psychosocia | | | )** | | | l | | | | | | crises. | | | Focuses on | | | What life | | | psychosocia | | | stage does | | | l | | | it occur | | | issues | | | in?** | | | related to | | | | | | aging and | | | **Example | | | death | | | --** | | | | | | | | | | | | Industry | | | | | | vs. | | | | | | Inferiority | | | | | | (Latency | | | | | | stage) | | | | | | | | | | | | Repeated | | | | | | success and | | | | | | help from | | | | | | teachers | | | | | | may promote | | | | | | industry. | | | | | | | | | | | | Repeated | | | | | | failure in | | | | | | school and | | | | | | academic | | | | | | pressure | | | | | | may promote | | | | | | inferiority | | | | | |. | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ 23 24 +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | PSYCHOSOCIA | | | PSYCHOSOCIA | | | L | | | L | | | CRISES OF | | | CRISES OF | | | THE LIFE | | | THE LIFE | | | | | | | | | STAGES | | | STAGES | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | ¡ | | | - The | | | Psychosocia | | | outcome | | | l | | | of the | | | crises | | | crisis | | | expressed | | | at each | | | as | | | stage | | | polarities | | | is a | | | | | | **balan | | | | | | ce** | | | | | | or | | | | | | integra | | | | | | tion | | | | | | of the | | | | | | two | | | | | | opposin | | | | | | g | | | | | | forces | | | | | | | | | | | | - Example | | | | | | -- do | | | | | | the | | | | | | experie | | | | | | nces | | | | | | of | | | | | | trust | | | | | | outweig | | | | | | h | | | | | | those | | | | | | of | | | | | | mistrus | | | | | | t? | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ 25 26 +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | PSYCHOSOCIA | | | PSYCHOSOCIA | | | L | | | L | | | CRISES OF | | | CRISES OF | | | THE LIFE | | | THE LIFE | | | | | | | | | STAGES | | | STAGES | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | - Importa | | | - Develop | | | nt | | | ment | | | to | | | is not | | | conside | | | a | | | r | | | smooth | | | the | | | process | | | negativ | | | | | | e | | | - Tension | | | and | | | and | | | positiv | | | conflic | | | e | | | t | | | pole of | | | are | | | each | | | necessa | | | crisis | | | ry | | | | | | for | | | - Dynamic | | | develop | | | tension | | | ment | | | between | | | § Drive | | | positiv | | | the ego | | | e | | | system | | | and | | | to | | | negativ | | | develop | | | e | | | new | | | forces | | | capacit | | | reflect | | | ies | | | s | | | | | | the | | | - Psychos | | | struggl | | | ocial | | | es | | | crises | | | that | | | are | | | all | | | partly | | | people | | | the | | | face | | | result | | | | | | of | | | - The | | | cultura | | | negativ | | | l | | | e | | | pressur | | | poles | | | es | | | reflect | | | and | | | basic | | | expecta | | | areas | | | tions | | | of | | | | | | human | | | - Dynamic | | | vulnera | | | conflic | | | bility | | | ts | | | | | | between | | | - Experie | | | individ | | | nces | | | uality | | | at both | | | and | | | the | | | group | | | positiv | | | members | | | e | | | hip | | | and the | | | at each | | | negativ | | | period | | | e | | | of life | | | poles | | | | | | contrib | | | | | | ute | | | | | | to the | | | | | | total | | | | | | range | | | | | | of a | | | | | | person' | | | | | | s | | | | | | capacit | | | | | | ies | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ 29 30  +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | PRIME | | | CORE | | | ADAPTIVE | | | PATHOLOGIES | | | EGO | | | | | | QUALITIES | | | | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | ¡ The prime | | | ¡ The core | | | adaptive | | | pathologies | | | ego | | | are: | | | qualities | | | | | | are: | | | Infancy: | | | | | | withdrawal | | | 1. Infancy | | | | | | : | | | Toddlerhood | | | hope | | | : | | | | | | compulsion | | | 2. Toddler | | | | | | hood: | | | Early | | | will | | | school age: | | | | | | inhibition | | | 3. Early | | | | | | school | | | Middle | | | age: | | | childhood: | | | purpose | | | inertia | | | | | | | | | 4. Middle | | | Early | | | childho | | | adolescence | | | od: | | | : | | | compete | | | dissociatio | | | nce | | | n | | | | | | | | | 5. Early | | | Later | | | adolesc | | | adolescence | | | ence: | | | : | | | fidelit | | | repudiation | | | y | | | | | | to | | | Early | | | others | | | adulthood: | | | | | | exclusivity | | | 6. Later | | | | | | adolesc | | | Middle | | | ence: | | | adulthood: | | | fidelit | | | rejectivity | | | y | | | | | | to | | | Later | | | values | | | adulthood: | | | | | | distain | | | 7. Early | | | | | | adultho | | | | | | od: | | | | | | love | | | | | | | | | | | | 8. Middle | | | | | | adultho | | | | | | od: | | | | | | care | | | | | | | | | | | | 9. Later | | | | | | adultho | | | | | | od: | | | | | | wisdom | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ 33 34 +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | NEW | | | ADDITIONAL | | | DIRECTIONS | | | PSYCHOSOCIA | | | | | | L | | | | | | STAGES | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | - Psychos | | | ¡ | | | ocial | | | **Prenatal* | | | theory | | | *-- | | | has | | | | | | more | | | - Fetal | | | recentl | | | develop | | | y | | | ment | | | been | | | and | | | expande | | | fetal | | | d | | | environ | | | on to | | | ment | | | underst | | | interac | | | and | | | t | | | develop | | | | | | ment | | | - Fetal | | | across | | | environ | | | the | | | ment | | | lifespa | | | is | | | n | | | influen | | | | | | ced | | | - Additio | | | by | | | n | | | social | | | of | | | and | | | three | | | cultura | | | life | | | l | | | stages | | | context | | | and | | | s | | | psychos | | | | | | ocial | | | - Status | | | crises: | | | of the | | | | | | fetus | | | 1. Prenata | | | at | | | l | | | birth | | | develop | | | is a | | | ment | | | product | | | | | | of a | | | 2. Early | | | psychos | | | adolesc | | | ocial | | | ence | | | dynamic | | | | | | | | | 3. Elderho | | | | | | od | | | | | | | | | | | | ¡ Three new | | | | | | concepts: | | | | | | | | | | | | 1. Develop | | | | | | mental | | | | | | tasks | | | | | | | | | | | | 2. Central | | | | | | process | | | | | | for | | | | | | resolvi | | | | | | ng | | | | | | psychos | | | | | | ocial | | | | | | crises | | | | | | 3. | | | | | | Interse | | | | | | ctionality | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ 37 38 +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | ADDITIONAL | | | ADDITIONAL | | | PSYCHOSOCIA | | | PSYCHOSOCIA | | | L | | | L | | | STAGES | | | STAGES | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | ¡ **Early | | | ¡ **Later | | | adolescence | | | adolescence | | | **-- | | | **-- | | | | | | | | | - Focus | | | - Focus | | | on | | | on | | | social | | | individ | | | or | | | ual | | | group | | | identit | | | identit | | | y | | | y | | | | | | associa | | | - To find | | | ted | | | a | | | with | | | meaning | | | psychos | | | ful | | | ocial | | | integra | | | transit | | | tion | | | ions | | | of | | | with | | | one's | | | puberty | | | roles | | | | | | that is | | | - Group | | | accepta | | | identit | | | ble | | | y | | | to and | | | vs. | | | valued | | | Alienat | | | by | | | ion | | | society | | | | | | | | | - Tension | | | - Emergin | | | between | | | g | | | feeling | | | adultho | | | meaning | | | od | | | fully | | | | | | connect | | | | | | ed | | | | | | to a | | | | | | valued | | | | | | social | | | | | | group | | | | | | vs. | | | | | | social | | | | | | estrang | | | | | | ement | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ 39 40 +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | ADDITIONAL | | | INTEGRATION | | | PSYCHOSOCIA | | | OF | | | L | | | DEVELOPMENT | | | STAGES | | | AL | | | | | | TASKS | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | ¡ | | | - New set | | | **Elderhood | | | of | | | **-- | | | develop | | | | | | mental | | | - Influen | | | tasks | | | ced | | | encount | | | by the | | | ered | | | growing | | | at each | | | interes | | | new | | | t | | | stage | | | in | | | of | | | adaptiv | | | develop | | | e | | | ment | | | strateg | | | | | | ies | | | - Tasks | | | of | | | reflect | | | people | | | areas | | | who | | | of | | | live | | | accompl | | | beyond | | | ishment | | | average | | | in | | | life | | | physica | | | expecta | | | l, | | | ncy | | | cogniti | | | | | | ve, | | | - Immorta | | | social, | | | lity | | | and | | | vs. | | | emotion | | | extinct | | | al | | | ion | | | develop | | | | | | ment | | | - Tension | | | and | | | between | | | develop | | | a view | | | ment | | | of life | | | of | | | as | | | self-co | | | transce | | | ncept | | | nding | | | | | | mortali | | | - Success | | | ty | | | in | | | vs. | | | learnin | | | death | | | g | | | brings | | | the | | | as a | | | tasks | | | final | | | of one | | | and | | | stage | | | permane | | | leads | | | nt | | | to | | | end to | | | develop | | | one's | | | ment | | | existen | | | and a | | | ce | | | greater | | | and | | | chance | | | impact | | | of | | | | | | success | | | - Adaptiv | | | in | | | e | | | learnin | | | ego | | | g | | | quality | | | the | | | is | | | tasks | | | confide | | | of | | | nce | | | later | | | | | | stages | | | - Core | | | | | | patholo | | | - Failure | | | gy | | | at the | | | is | | | tasks | | | diffide | | | can | | | nce | | | create | | | | | | difficu | | | | | | lties | | | | | | with | | | | | | later | | | | | | tasks | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ 41 42 +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | INTEGRATION | | | INTEGRATION | | | OF | | | OF | | | DEVELOPMENT | | | DEVELOPMENT | | | AL | | | AL | | | TASKS | | | TASKS | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | - Robert | | | - Havighu | | | J. | | | rst | | | Havighu | | | credits | | | rst | | | Erik | | | first | | | Erikson | | | introdu | | | 's | | | ced | | | psychos | | | develop | | | ocial | | | mental | | | theory | | | tasks | | | for | | | to | | | contrib | | | study | | | uting | | | human | | | to the | | | develop | | | concept | | | ment | | | of | | | and | | | develop | | | educati | | | mental | | | on | | | tasks | | | | | | | | | - Viewed | | | - Bridges | | | develop | | | the | | | ment | | | individ | | | as a | | | ual | | | process | | | and | | | in | | | society | | | which | | | -- | | | people | | | active | | | attempt | | | learner | | | to | | | interac | | | learn | | | ting | | | tasks | | | with | | | require | | | active | | | d | | | social | | | of them | | | environ | | | by | | | ment | | | society | | | | | | | | | - Sensiti | | | - Tasks | | | ve | | | change | | | periods | | | with | | | for | | | age | | | learnin | | | because | | | g | | | of | | | develop | | | age-gra | | | mental | | | ded | | | tasks | | | expecta | | | -- | | | tions | | | "teacha | | | for | | | ble | | | behavio | | | moments | | | ur | | | " | | | | | | | | | - Learnin | | | | | | g | | | | | | = | | | | | | satisfa | | | | | | ction | | | | | | and | | | | | | reward | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ 43 44  +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | THE CENTRAL | | | THE CENTRAL | | | PROCESS FOR | | | PROCESS FOR | | | RESOLVING | | | RESOLVING | | | THE | | | THE | | | PSYCHOSOCIA | | | PSYCHOSOCIA | | | L | | | L | | | CRISIS | | | CRISIS | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | - Central | | | ¡ The | | | process | | | central | | | is | | | processes | | | imitati | | | that lead | | | on | | | to the | | | in | | | acquisition | | | toddler | | | of new | | | hood | | | skills, the | | | | | | resolution | | | - Buildin | | | of the | | | g | | | psychosocia | | | indepen | | | l | | | dence | | | crisis, and | | | is | | | successful | | | achieve | | | coping at | | | d | | | each life | | | through | | | stage are: | | | persist | | | | | | ent | | | 1. Infancy | | | imitati | | | : | | | on | | | mutuali | | | | | | ty | | | - Childre | | | with a | | | n | | | caregiv | | | build a | | | er | | | sense | | | | | | of | | | 2. Toddler | | | self-in | | | hood: | | | itiated | | | imitati | | | behavio | | | on | | | ur | | | | | | and | | | 3. Early | | | control | | | school | | | over | | | age: | | | their | | | identif | | | actions | | | ication | | | | | | | | | - Over | | | 4. Middle | | | time, | | | childho | | | repetit | | | od: | | | ive | | | educati | | | imitati | | | on | | | ve | | | | | | activit | | | 5. Early | | | ies | | | adolesc | | | lead to | | | ence: | | | the | | | peer | | | develop | | | pressur | | | ment | | | e | | | of a | | | | | | sense | | | 6. Later | | | of | | | adolesc | | | persona | | | ence: | | | l | | | role | | | autonom | | | experim | | | y | | | entation | | | | | | | | | | | | 7. Early | | | | | | adultho | | | | | | od: | | | | | | mutuali | | | | | | ty | | | | | | among | | | | | | peers | | | | | | | | | | | | 8. Middle | | | | | | adultho | | | | | | od: | | | | | | person/ | | | | | | environment | | | | | | fit and | | | | | | creativ | | | | | | ity | | | | | | | | | | | | 9. Later | | | | | | adultho | | | | | | od: | | | | | | introsp | | | | | | ection | | | | | | | | | | | | 10. Elderho | | | | | | od: | | | | | | social | | | | | | support | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ 47 48 RESEARCH ON IDENTITY RESEARCH ON IDENTITY ---------------------- -- -- ---------------------- -- 51 52 RESEARCH ON IDENTITY RESEARCH ON IDENTITY ---------------------- -- -- ---------------------- -- 53 54 +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | IDENTITY | | | IDENTITY | | | STATUS | | | STATUS | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | - Researc | | | - With | | | h | | | these | | | identif | | | additio | | | ies | | | ns | | | differe | | | to the | | | nt | | | underst | | | forms | | | anding | | | of | | | of the | | | explora | | | identit | | | tion | | | y | | | and | | | search | | | commitm | | | process | | | ent | | | , | | | | | | the | | | - There | | | identit | | | are | | | y | | | three | | | status | | | differe | | | typolog | | | nt | | | y | | | types | | | include | | | of | | | s | | | identit | | | three | | | y | | | new | | | explora | | | status | | | tion: | | | types: | | | | | | | | | 1. Explora | | | - Carefre | | | tion | | | e | | | in | | | diffusi | | | breadth | | | on | | | | | | | | | 2. Explora | | | - Trouble | | | tion | | | d | | | in | | | diffusi | | | depth | | | on | | | | | | | | | 3. Ruminat | | | - Undiffe | | | ive | | | rentiated | | | explora | | | status | | | tion | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ 55 56  +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | ¡ Identity | | | - Does | | | foreclosure | | | identit | | | more | | | y | | | complicated | | | formati | | | -- no | | | on | | | exploration | | | apply | | | § Higher | | | equally | | | conformity, | | | to both | | | conventiona | | | men and | | | lity | | | women? | | | and | | | | | | obedience | | | - Yes! No | | | | | | signifi | | | - Least | | | cant | | | autonom | | | differe | | | y | | | nces | | | | | | in the | | | - Strong | | | timing | | | need | | | or | | | for | | | process | | | social | | | of | | | approva | | | identit | | | l | | | y | | | | | | formati | | | | | | on | | | | | | between | | | | | | genders | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ 59 60 +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | - Identit | | | - Erikson | | | y | | | emphasi | | | formati | | | zed | | | on | | | ideolog | | | theory | | | ical | | | has | | | and | | | been | | | vocatio | | | critici | | | nal | | | zed | | | commitm | | | for its | | | ents | | | reflect | | | as | | | ion | | | central | | | of a | | | to | | | male-or | | | identit | | | iented | | | y | | | culture | | | formati | | | | | | on | | | - Focuses | | | | | | on | | | - Gilliga | | | occupat | | | n | | | ion | | | (1982/1 | | | and | | | 993) | | | ideolog | | | has | | | y | | | critici | | | rather | | | zed | | | than on | | | this | | | interpe | | | orienta | | | rsonal | | | tion | | | commitm | | | -- | | | ents | | | interpe | | | | | | rsonal | | | - Focus | | | commitm | | | on | | | ents | | | persona | | | may be | | | l | | | more | | | identit | | | central | | | y | | | for | | | priorit | | | women | | | ies | | | | | | autonom | | | - Early | | | y | | | studies | | | and | | | of | | | selfsuf | | | identit | | | ficiency | | | y | | | qualiti | | | status | | | es | | | conduct | | | associa | | | ed | | | ted | | | with | | | with | | | male | | | traditi | | | partici | | | onal | | | pants | | | male | | | | | | gender | | | - Identit | | | roles | | | y | | | | | | intervi | | | | | | ew | | | | | | method | | | | | | later | | | | | | adapted | | | | | | to | | | | | | include | | | | | | domains | | | | | | relevan | | | | | | t | | | | | | for | | | | | | young | | | | | | women - | | | | | | ideas | | | | | | about | | | | | | relatio | | | | | | nships, | | | | | | sexuali | | | | | | ty | | | | | | and | | | | | | family | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ 61 62 +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | WHAT IS THE | | | WHAT IS THE | | | DIRECTION | | | DIRECTION | | | OF CHANGE | | | OF CHANGE | | | OVER THE | | | OVER | | | | | | | | | LIFESPAN? | | | THE | | | HOW WELL | | | LIFESPAN? | | | DOES THE | | | HOW WELL | | | THEORY | | | DOES THE | | | | | | THEORY | | | | | | ACCOUNT FOR | | | | | | PATTERNS OF | | | | | | CHANGE AND | | | | | | CONTINUITY? | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | - Focus | | | - Psychos | | | on | | | ocial | | | systema | | | theory | | | tic | | | address | | | changes | | | es | | | in ego | | | issues | | | develop | | | of | | | ment, | | | continu | | | reflect | | | ity | | | ed | | | and | | | in | | | change | | | self-un | | | over | | | derstanding | | | the | | | , | | | life-co | | | identit | | | urse | | | y | | | | | | formati | | | - At each | | | on, | | | stage | | | social | | | of | | | relatio | | | life, | | | nships | | | resolut | | | and | | | ion | | | worldvi | | | of the | | | ew | | | psychos | | | | | | ocial | | | - Defines | | | crisis | | | human | | | results | | | develop | | | in the | | | ment | | | develop | | | as a | | | ment | | | product | | | of | | | of the | | | prime | | | ongoing | | | adaptiv | | | interac | | | e | | | tion | | | ego | | | of an | | | strengt | | | individ | | | hs | | | ual's | | | or core | | | biologi | | | patholo | | | cal | | | gies | | | and | | | | | | psychol | | | - At each | | | ogical | | | stage | | | needs | | | of | | | and | | | life, a | | | societa | | | person | | | l | | | is | | | expecta | | | embedde | | | tions | | | d | | | | | | in a | | | - Predict | | | radius | | | s | | | of | | | an | | | signifi | | | orderly | | | cant | | | sequenc | | | relatio | | | e | | | nships | | | of | | | | | | change | | | - Both | | | in ego | | | these | | | develop | | | factors | | | ment | | | , | | | and | | | and | | | social | | | tendenc | | | relatio | | | y | | | nships | | | to | | | from | | | anticip | | | infancy | | | ate | | | through | | | the | | | late | | | issues | | | life | | | of the | | | | | | stages | | | - Each | | | ahead, | | | stage | | | contrib | | | -- new | | | ute | | | abiliti | | | to | | | es | | | continu | | | and | | | ity | | | coping | | | in | | | strateg | | | develop | | | ies | | | ment | | | develop | | | | | | ed | | | | | | to | | | | | | navigat | | | | | | e | | | | | | social | | | | | | relatio | | | | | | nships | | | | | | and | | | | | | adapt | | | | | | to the | | | | | | social | | | | | | world | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ 63 64 +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | - The | | | - Testabl | | | basic | | | e | | | mechani | | | hypothe | | | sm | | | ses | | | that | | | include | | | account | | | : | | | s | | | | | | for | | | - Predict | | | growth | | | that at | | | is the | | | each | | | psychos | | | stage | | | ocial | | | of | | | crisis | | | develop | | | | | | ment | | | - Epigene | | | a | | | tic | | | crisis | | | princip | | | happens | | | le | | | , | | | creates | | | and a | | | tension | | | central | | | due to | | | process | | | the gap | | | helps | | | between | | | to | | | one's | | | resolve | | | compete | | | it. A | | | ncies | | | positiv | | | at each | | | e | | | stage | | | resolut | | | and the | | | ion | | | new | | | strengt | | | demands | | | hens | | | of | | | the | | | society | | | ego, | | | | | | while a | | | - People | | | negativ | | | strive | | | e | | | to | | | resolut | | | reduce | | | ion | | | this | | | leads | | | tension | | | to core | | | by | | | patholo | | | using a | | | gies. | | | variety | | | | | | of | | | - Predict | | | familia | | | that a | | | r | | | unique | | | coping | | | psychos | | | strateg | | | ocial | | | ies | | | crisis | | | and by | | | is | | | learnin | | | associa | | | g | | | ted | | | new | | | with | | | ones | | | each | | | | | | stage | | | | | | of | | | | | | develop | | | | | | ment. | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ 65 66 +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | HOW DO THE | | | | | | ENVIRONMENT | | | | | | AL | | | | | | AND SOCIAL | | | | | | CONTEXTS | | | | | | AFFECT | | | | | | DEVELOPMENT | | | | | | ? | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | - Early | | | - Focus | | | experie | | | on the | | | nces | | | continu | | | play an | | | ous | | | importa | | | interac | | | nt | | | tion | | | role in | | | between | | | later | | | individ | | | develop | | | ual | | | ment | | | and | | | | | | society | | | - The | | | | | | strengt | | | - Persona | | | hs | | | l | | | and | | | develop | | | abiliti | | | ment | | | es | | | and | | | gained | | | society | | | by | | | functio | | | success | | | ning | | | fully | | | are | | | achievi | | | ongoing | | | ng | | | and | | | develop | | | mutuall | | | mental | | | y | | | tasks | | | depende | | | and | | | nt | | | resolvi | | | | | | ng | | | - Society | | | past | | | influen | | | crises | | | ces | | | are | | | develop | | | very | | | ment | | | importa | | | through | | | nt | | | radius | | | for | | | of | | | facing | | | signifi | | | future | | | cant | | | challen | | | relatio | | | ges | | | nships | | | | | | | | | - Positiv | | | - Ultimat | | | e | | | ely | | | ego | | | reflect | | | qualiti | | | ing | | | es | | | positiv | | | vs. | | | e | | | core | | | or | | | patholo | | | negativ | | | gies | | | e | | | | | | resolut | | | | | | ion | | | | | | of | | | | | | crises | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ 67 68 +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | - The | | | - Key | | | negativ | | | themes