Psychological Therapies Lecture Notes PDF

PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES  Therapy The Psychological Therapies  Psychoanalysis  Humanistic Therapies  Behavior Therapies  Cognitive Therapies  Group and Family Therapies  Therapy The Biomedical Therapies  Drug Therapies  Brain Stimulation  INSIG...

PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES  Therapy The Psychological Therapies  Psychoanalysis  Humanistic Therapies  Behavior Therapies  Cognitive Therapies  Group and Family Therapies  Therapy The Biomedical Therapies  Drug Therapies  Brain Stimulation  INSIGHT THERAPIES Any type of psychotherapy based on the notion that psychological well-being depends on self-understanding Psychodynamic therapies Therapies that attempt to uncover childhood experiences that explain a patient’s current difficulties  1) Psychoanalysis Nondirective Therapy style in which the therapist remains relatively neutral and does not interpret or take direct actions with regard to the client, instead remaining a calm, nonjudgmental listener while the client talks. Directive Therapy in which the therapist actively gives interpretations of a client’s statements and may suggest certain behavior or actions. Psychoanalysis today is more directive.  Psychoanalysis Freud’s method of psychotherapy; use Free association, Dream analysis, transference  FREE ASSOCIATION A psychoanalytic technique used to explore the unconscious by having patients reveal whatever thoughts or images come to mind Dream analysis is another technique used by psychoanalysts  TRANSFERENCE An intense emotional reaction during psychoanalysis, when the patient displays feelings and attitudes toward the analyst that were present in a significant relationship in the past 2. HUMANISTIC THERAPIES  Therapies that assume that people have the ability and freedom to lead rational lives and make rational choices. Person-centered Therapy  A nondirective insight therapy based on the work of Carl Rogers in which the client does all the talking and the therapist listens.  Rogers’ Person-Centered Therapy FOUR ELEMENTS: 1. Reflection - therapy technique in which the therapist restates what the client says rather than interpreting those statements. 2. Unconditional positive regard - referring to the warmth, respect, and accepting atmosphere created by the therapist for the client in person- centered therapy. 3. Empathy - the ability of the therapist to understand the feelings of the client. 4. Authenticity - the genuine, open, and honest response of the therapist to the client.  3. GESTALT THERAPY A therapy that was originated by Fritz Perls and that emphasizes that importance of clients’ fully experiencing, in the present moment, their feelings, thoughts, and actions and taking personal responsibility for their behavior. Directive therapy An approach to therapy in which the therapist takes an active role in determining the course of therapy sessions and provides answers and suggestions to the patient  RELATIONSHIP THERAPIES COUPLE AND FAMILY THERAPY Family therapy Therapy involving an entire family, based on the assumption that an individual’s problem is caused and/or maintained in part by problems within the family unit Couple or family therapy appears to have positive effects in treating a number of disorders and clinical problems Relationship Therapies GROUP THERAPY A form of therapy in which several clients meet regularly with one or more therapists to resolve personal problems Learning that others also share their problems leaves people feeling less alone and ashamed A variant of group therapy is the self- help group They are simply groups of people who share a common problem and meet to give and receive support BEHAVIOR THERAPIES A treatment approach employing the principles of operant conditioning, classical conditioning, and/or observational learning theory to eliminate inappropriate or maladaptive behaviors and replace them with more adaptive responses.  Behavior Modification Behavior modification techniques based on operant conditioning. EXTINCTION: Extinction of an undesirable behavior is accomplished by terminating, or withholding, the reinforcement that is maintaining that behavior TOKEN ECONOMIES A behavior modification technique that reinforces desirable behaviors with tokens that can be exchanged later for desired objects, activities, and/or privileges CONT.. TIME OUT A behavior modification technique used to decrease the frequency of undesirable behavior by withdrawing an individual from all reinforcement for a period of time If you want to modify any of your behaviors, devise a reward system for desirable behaviors, and remember the principles of shaping  Behavior Therapies Therapies based on classical conditioning Joseph Wolpe Reasoned that if he could get people to relax and stay relaxed while they thought about a feared object, person, place, or situation, they could conquer their fear or phobia  Exposure Therapy Expose patients to The Far Side © 1986 FARWORKS. Reprinted with Permission. All Rights Reserved. things they fear and avoid. Through repeated exposures, anxiety lessens because they habituate to the things feared. Exposure Therapy  Systematic Desensitization A behavior therapy that is used to treat phobias and that involves training clients in deep muscle relaxation and then having them confront a graduated series of anxiety-producing situations until they can remain relaxed while confronting even the most feared situation  Behavior Therapies Causes of mood disorders FLOODING A behavioral therapy used to treat phobias, during which clients are exposed to the feared object or event for an extended period until their anxiety decreases Flooding sessions typically last from 30 minutes to 2 hours and should not be terminated until patients are markedly less afraid than they were at the beginning of the session.  Behavior Therapies EXPOSURE AND RESPONSE PREVENTION A behavior therapy that exposes patients with obsessive compulsive disorder to stimuli generating increasing anxiety; patients must agree not to carry out their normal rituals for a specified period of time after exposure Exposure and resistance therapy has proved useful in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder  Behavior Therapies AVERSION THERAPY A behavior therapy in which an aversive stimulus is paired with an undesirable behavior until the behavior becomes associated with pain and discomfort Alcoholics are sometimes given a nausea- producing substance such as Antibes, which reacts violently with alcohol and causes a person to retch and vomit until the stomach is empty.  Behavior Therapies PARTICIPANT MODELING A behavior therapy in which an appropriate response is modeled in graduated steps and the client attempts each step, encouraged and supported by the therapist In this therapy, not only does the model demonstrate the appropriate response in graduated steps, but the client attempts to imitate the model step by step, while the therapist gives encouragement and support  Cognitive Therapies  Therapies that assume faulty thinking is the basis of most psychological difficulties A therapy designed to change maladaptive behavior by changing the person’s irrational thoughts, beliefs, and ideas  The goal of Beck’s cognitive therapy is to help patients stop their negative thoughts ass they occur and replace them with more objective thoughts Cognitive Therapies RATIONAL-EMOTIVE THERAPY A directive, confrontational therapy developed by Albert Ellis and designed to challenge and modify the irrational beliefs thought to cause personal distress Rational-emotive therapy is based on Ellis’s ABC theory A refers to the activating event, B to the person’s belief about the event C to the emotional consequence that follows  Psychological Therapies Cognitive Therapies Ellis’ A-B-C Theory of Emotional Distress Emotional distress is caused by irrational thoughts and self-defeating beliefs. Activating Event - Beliefs - Consequences Emotional consequences then help sustain the irrational beliefs.  Light Exposure Therapy Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), a form of depression, has been effectively treated by light exposure therapy. This form of therapy has Courtesy of Christine Brune been scientifically validated.  Medical Interventions Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Electric-shock treatments that often relieve severe depression by triggering seizures in the brain Psychosurgery The surgical removal of portions of the brain for the purpose of treating psychological disorders  Biology-Based Treatment Psychopharmacology: Study of the effects of drugs on the mind and on behavior. Advantages (reducing institutionalization) and disadvantages (e.g., addiction and abuse; gender bias, side effects) Four major categories: Antianxiety (minor tranquilizers) Antipsychotic (major tranquilizers) Antidepressant (MAOIs, tricyclics, SSRIs) Antimanic (lithium)  Antipsychotic Drugs Classical antipsychotics [chlorpromazine (Thorazine)]: Remove a number of positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia such as agitation, delusions, and hallucinations.  Atypical Antipsychotic Clozapine (Clozaril) blocks receptors for dopamine and serotonin to remove the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.  Antianxiety Drugs Antianxiety drugs (Xanax and Ativan) depress the central nervous system and reduce anxiety and tension by elevating the levels of the Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter.  Antidepressant Drugs Antidepressant drugs like Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) that improve the mood by elevating levels of serotonin by inhibiting reuptake. Table 17.1: Drugs Most Commonly Used in Drug Therapy