Note Psycho - Mental Health Treatments PDF

**Note psycho** I. **CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY & MENTAL HEALTH** Clinical psychology - helps diagnose and treat people with psychological problems and disorders. Psychotherapy- Interactions between a therapist and someone suffering from a psychological disorder. Goal = to relive - Often used along...

**Note psycho** I. **CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY & MENTAL HEALTH** Clinical psychology - helps diagnose and treat people with psychological problems and disorders. Psychotherapy- Interactions between a therapist and someone suffering from a psychological disorder. Goal = to relive - Often used along with medication - Eclectic psychotherapy: using different perspective from different schools of thoughts A\) Important points - Professional code of éthiques- ordre psychologues du Québec (OPQ) - confidentiality - For therapists: careful with compassion, fatigue and various trauma. living the trauma of the clients) B\) The History of mental Health practice - seen in previous chapter. - middle of 20th beginning of deinstitutionalization, advances in drug therapies - community treatments C\) The Structure of the mental health system - Patient / client - psychiatrist, psychologist, psychotherapist D\) preventive care & mental health 1. primary prevention: before the problem arises. e.g.: drug presentation in elementary 2. secondary prevention: with people already affected. 3. Tertiary prevention; try to prevent relapse, complications. II. **BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS** - Psychopharmacology -- study of how drug affects behavior. - wide range of psychoactive medication. - used when psychological disorder as biological source or client isn't responsive to therapies. A\) DRUGS - Possible unpleasant side effects - Difficulty finding proper dose. - Relapse if drug is not paired with psychotherapy. - control symptoms → not cure them. - Possible addiction - Build up tolerance (does not have effect anymore) 1\. Antipsychotic Drugs - Typical antipsychotic: treat psychotic symptoms (hallucinations & delusions) - Names: chlorpromazine, Haldol, Stelazine, Loxitane - Effects: lower dopamine - Side effects - Atypical Antipsychotic - treat other symptoms (e.g. apathy) - ++ Bipolar - alter activity of serotonin - names: risperidone, quetiapine, olanzapine aripiprazole (ability), clozapine - Anti-depressants - Help increase level of norepinephrine and serotonin - Low serotonin effect on: negativity, rumination, poor impulse contro - Types: 1. SNRIs (serotonin- Norepinephrine reuptake 2. SSRIs (Selective serotonin reuptake inhibition: block reuptake inhibition) - few side effects. - Also help treat OCD and PTSD - More popular - names: fluxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (paxil), Fluvoxamine (luvox) 3. Atypical antidepressants (NDRIs) - Norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors 4. Nonselective cyclics (Tofranil, Elavil) - Block reuptake of the norepinephrine - Lots of side effects (dry mouth, fatigue) - Not a first choice - used as last resort, severe side effects - Anti-anxiety medication - increase level of GABA, acetylcholine - for insomnia: lorazepam\... - works well for panic disorder, generalized - mood stabilizing drugs. - Lithium, Epival, carbamazepine - Help control Bipolar disorder symptoms B\) EIECTROCONVUISIVE THERAPY (ECT) - it is used as a last resort - Procedure: muscle relaxant, no physical harm, consent. - Side effects: memory loss - unilateral administration shock only right hemisphere - reduce impact on verbal memory C\) PSYCHOSURGERY (neurosurgery) - Specific parts of the brain are surgically altered using a laser - Last resort, for rare case D\) TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STOULATION - activates regions of the brain that are less active due to depression. - Regulates emotions and thoughts. - 50% significantly improve their state. E\) DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION - For OCD, depression - Implanting electrodes within certain areas of your brain which produce electrical impulses, use vagal nerve. F\) PSYCHEDELICS : PSYLOCIBINE - Lots of research since 2000 - Canada = leader - Extracted from hallucinogen mushrooms. - Used under strict supervision. - 6-8 hours seances for 3 months - Could treat : chronic depression, anxiety, OCD, PTSD G\) KETAMINE - fast action anaesthetic and analgesic - used in controlled settings. - Helps to create new neural connections. - Treats depression - After 6 perfusions: 1/3 no longer have suicidal ideation, 1/3 improvements. - Effects are short termed. **PSYCHOTHERAPIES** - Resistence**:** when therapists know they touch an important point because client does not want to talk about it - Transference - Counter transference. - Catharsis III. **PSYCHODY NAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY** - unconscious conflicts are the source of the mental disorders - investigate client\'s childhood and past experiences A\) PSYCHOANALYSIS - For potentially autonomous severely disturbed, long, costly → free association: letting client talk freely with no interruptions → Dream analysis (Manifest and latent content) → Hypnosis IV. **COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PSYCHOTHERAPY (CBT)** - Client have to identify thought and behavior patterns creating the problem and find ways to change them A\) COGNITIVE THERAPY 1\. Весk - Psychological problems are caused by faulty irrational thinking - cognitive restructuring : - Journal entries. - For depression, Bipolar disorder 2\. Dialect behavioral therapy (DBT) - for borderline personality disorder - Validating emotions - Challenging current ways to deal with emotions. Teaching emotional regulation working on showing that thing are not black and white 3. Stress inoculation training. - Client assess and edit their thoughts in stressful situations before they become problematic. - Uses self-talk process to help to cope with stress B\) BEHAVIORAL THERAPY - behaviors are the problems. they are learned and can be unlearned 1. Exposure treatments - systematic desensitization: → client comes up with their own list pertaining to their phobias: least → most → therapist teaches relaxation strategies → gradually move up the list until they no longer feel anxiety - Flooding - Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMRD) (PTSD) - Exposure - Response Prevention (OCD, social anxiety) 2. AVERSIVE CONDITIONING - used to help a person give up an unpleasant habit or undesirable behavior by associating it (doing numerous. parings) with discomfort - counterconditioning: replacing unwanted responses by new one → pedophile → alcoholic 3. BASED ON OPERANT CONDITIONING - Rewards or (lack of) influence one\'s behaviors. → taken economies → behavioral contract 4\. BASED ON SOCIAL LEARNINGS - -Observation & behavior reinforcement → modeling V. **HUMANISTIC THERAPIES** - View problems as opportunities to reflect and make changes - Induvial potential for growth, help develops self-awareness ana confidence A\) CLIENT CENTERED THERAPY - Rogers - Therapists motivator, facilitators, genuine acceptance, no judgement,active listening, reflection, unconditional regard - Helps client be fully functioning B\) GESTALT THERAPY - Peris - Helps clients become aware of and take responsibility or their thoughts experiences, behaviors and feelings - \"I\", here-and- now - Therapist confronts, is direct - Empty-chair technique VI. **GROUP AND FAMILY THERAPIES** Group: - Advantages: share similar experience (feelings), feel less alone, get strategies - Types of Groups: AA, NA - For Borderline Personality, disordered eating Family: - Family is a system. - Often accompanies individual therapies Couple Therapy: - often use in the treatments of depression, chronic health problem, substance abuse, infertility VII. **OTHER THERAPIES** - solution Focused Therapy - play therapy, art therapy + zootherapy **VIII. EVALUATING PSYCHOTHERAPIES** A. the efficacy of psychotherapy - The best type of therapy depends on the unique differences of each clients each therapist, and each disorder B. Factors of effective psychotherapy - supports, motivation, hope, new perspective. - success depends on 90% relationship between therapist and clients (65% clients variables, 25% therapists variable, 10% technique used)