Lecture 23: The Civil War II PDF

Lecture 23: The Civil War II I. The War: Phase II (1863- April 1865): a. Following Antietam, Lincoln replaced McClellan with Ambrose Burnside b. Battle of Fredericksburg- December 1862: Burnside attacked Lee. i. Forces: 122,000 USA vs. 78,500 CSA ii. Resu...

Lecture 23: The Civil War II I. The War: Phase II (1863- April 1865): a. Following Antietam, Lincoln replaced McClellan with Ambrose Burnside b. Battle of Fredericksburg- December 1862: Burnside attacked Lee. i. Forces: 122,000 USA vs. 78,500 CSA ii. Result: Great Confederate victory. iii. Losses: 12,500 USA vs. 5,300 CSA iv. Burnside forced to withdraw. Lincoln replaced him with Joseph Hooker. c. Battle of Chancellorsville- May 1-4 1863: i. Result: Great Confederate Victory. Jackson wounded by friendly fire- died several days later. d. Battle of Gettysburg- July 1-3 1863: i. After success at Chancellorsville, Lee decides to take the war to the North. Invades Pennsylvania. Objective is to defeat Army of the Potomac on Northern soil and force Lincoln to sue for peace. ii. Lincoln replaced Hooker with George Meade. iii. Result: Bloody Union Victory 1. “Pickett’s Charge”- July 3rd 1863: Lee sent 15,000 men to attack center of Union Line on Cemetery Ridge. a. Part of them commanded by Gen. George Pickett b. Pickett lost half of his men. 2. Lee abandoned invasion on July 4th and returned to Virginia. iv. Losses: 50,000 total casualties 1. CSA: 17 generals & 1/3 of the army e. Fall of Vicksburg- July 4 1863: i. Confederate Forces surrendered Vicksburg to Union troops under Gen. Ulysses S. Grant. ii. Result: Completed Union seizure of the Mississippi f. Lincoln finds his General: i. Names Ulysses Grant Lieutenant General- March 1864 1. Puts him in charge of all Union Armies. Grant moves East and stationed himself with Army of the Potomac. Would direct Union strategy for the rest of the war. g. War of Attrition in the East- The 1864 Overland Campaign: i. Grant knew he had numerical supremacy- in men and material. Begins war of attrition to weaken Lee’s army and the southern will to fight. ii. Battle of the Wilderness- May 5-7 1864: 1. Result: Draw, but Grant continued his advance (unlike his predecessors he did not withdraw after fighting a major battle) 2. Losses: 17,000-18,000 USA vs. 11,000 CSA 1  iii. Battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse- May 8-21 1864: 1. Result: Draw, but Grant continued to advance 2. Losses: 18,000 USA vs. 12,000-13,000 CSA iv. Battle of Cold Harbor- May 31- June 12 1864: 1. Result: CSA victory (Lee’s last) 2. Losses: 13,000 USA (7,000 in one hour) vs. 2,500- 4,500 CSA v. Result of Overland Campaign: Grant lost more men, but Lee lost a higher percentage of his army. 1. Grant able to replenish losses, Lee never recovered 2. Grant just kept pushing and kept pressure on Lee vi. Siege of Petersburg- June 1864-April 1865: 1. Strategic importance- had only open rail-line between Richmond and the South. 2. Lee and Grant fought a 9-month battle- trench warfare h. Sherman’s March through Georgia- 1864: i. Grant’s plan to defeat Confederacy. While he fought Lee in Virginia, he sent another army into Georgia. 1. William Tecumseh Sherman ii. Fall of Atlanta- September 1864: 1. Burned much of the city iii. Sherman abandons his supply lines and sets off for the Atlantic Ocean. 1. Army moved on a 60-mile front- destroying anything in its path that could aid the South- like rail lines. “Sherman Neckties” 2. Fall of Savannah- December 1864: iv. March through South Carolina: 1. Wanted to wreak revenge for starting the war & to break southern morale. 2. Fall of Columbia- February 1865: a. Much of the city burned- either by Sherman or by retreating Confederates. v. 100 million dollars in damage to South. i. Election of 1864: i. Lincoln facing a tough re-election bid. ii. George McClellan- Democratic nominee 1. Democratic platform called for an armistice and a negotiated peace to end the war (with a divided country) iii. Sherman’s victory at Atlanta secured Lincoln’s re-election. Showed the nation that the war was turning in favor of the Union. iv. Lincoln’s second inaugural address- March 4 1865: 1. “with malice towards none; with charity for all” j. Surrender at Appomattox- April 9 1865: 2  i. Lee evacuates Petersburg & Richmond- April 2 1865: ii. Lee’s army surrounded by Grant by April 7th. iii. Lee meets Grant at Appomattox Court House Virginia and surrenders the Army of Northern Virginia. k. Lincoln Shot- April 14 1865: i. Shot by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theater ii. Died the next day. iii. Succeeded by Vice President Andrew Johnson II. Conclusion: a. Casualties: 620,000 killed- more from disease than bullets b. Results: i. New Amendments passed: 1. 13th Amendment- ratified December 13th 1865: abolished slavery. 2. 14th Amendment- ratified July 1868: a. Overturned Dred Scott Decision- said that anyone born in the United States or naturalized were citizens- including African Americans. b. Due process of law for all citizens 3. 15th Amendment- February 1870: expanded suffrage. a. Gave all male citizens the right to vote- technically (had loopholes that would allow the South to disenfranchise African-Americans). 3