Lecture 23: The Civil War II PDF
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This lecture notes document describes the second phase of the American Civil War, covering key battles and leadership changes between 1863 and 1865. It highlights significant events, such as the Battle of Gettysburg, the Siege of Petersburg, and the March Through Georgia, with a particular focus on leadership and military strategy. Includes details about the war's impact on both sides.
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Lecture 23: The Civil War II I. The War: Phase II (1863-April 1865) A. Leadership Changes 1. Following Antietam, Lincoln replaced McClellan with Ambrose Burnside B. Key Battles i. Battle of Fredericksburg (Dec 1862) Forces: 122,000 USA vs. 78,500 CSA Result: Great Confederate vict...
Lecture 23: The Civil War II I. The War: Phase II (1863-April 1865) A. Leadership Changes 1. Following Antietam, Lincoln replaced McClellan with Ambrose Burnside B. Key Battles i. Battle of Fredericksburg (Dec 1862) Forces: 122,000 USA vs. 78,500 CSA Result: Great Confederate victory Losses: 12,500 USA vs. 5,300 CSA Burnside replaced by Joseph Hooker ii. Battle of Chancellorsville (May 1-4, 1863) Result: Great Confederate victory Losses: Stonewall Jackson wounded by friendly fire, later died iii. Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863) Lee invaded Pennsylvania aiming to force Lincoln to sue for peace Result: Bloody Union victory ○ Pickett’s Charge: Lee sent 15,000 men; half were lost Losses: 50,000 total casualties; CSA lost 17 generals & 1/3 of the army iv. Fall of Vicksburg (July 4, 1863) Confederate forces surrendered to Union troops under General. Ulysses S. Grant Result: Completed Union seizure of the Mississippi C. Lincoln Finds His General 1. Ulysses S. Grant named Lieutenant General (March 1864) Directed all Union armies and strategy D. War of Attrition in the East - The 1864 Overland Campaign 1. Grant’s Strategy: Use numerical supremacy to weaken Lee’s army 2. Key Battles: Battle of the Wilderness (May 5-7, 1864): Draw, continued advance (17,000-18,000 USA vs. 11,000 CSA) Battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse (May 8-21, 1864): Draw, continued advance (18,000 USA vs. 12,000-13,000 CSA) Battle of Cold Harbor (May 31-June 12, 1864): CSA victory (13,000 USA vs. 2,500-4,500 CSA) 3. Result: Grant’s losses higher, but Lee’s army weakened and could not replenish E. Siege of Petersburg (June 1864-April 1865) 1. Strategic importance: Only open rail-line between Richmond and the South 2. 9-month trench warfare between Lee and Grant F. Sherman’s March through Georgia (1864) 1. Grant’s Plan: Defeat Confederacy by striking deep into Southern territory 2. Fall of Atlanta (Sept 1864): Sherman burned much of the city 3. March to the Sea: Destroyed infrastructure, “Sherman Neckties” (rail lines) 4. Fall of Savannah (Dec 1864) 5. March through South Carolina: Revenge for starting the war, aimed to break Southern morale Fall of Columbia (Feb 1865): City burned G. Election of 1864 1. Lincoln: Faced tough reelection bid 2. George McClellan: Democratic nominee, called for armistice and negotiated peace 3. Result: Lincoln’s re-election secured by Sherman’s victory at Atlanta H. Surrender at Appomattox (April 9, 1865) 1. Lee evacuated Petersburg & Richmond (April 2, 1865) 2. Surrounded by Grant (April 7, 1865) 3. Surrender: Lee surrendered Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox Court House, VA I. Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14, 1865) 1. Shot by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theater 2. Died the next day; succeeded by Vice President Andrew Johnson II. Conclusion A. Casualties 620,000 killed, more from disease than bullets B. Results i. New Amendments 1. 13th Amendment (Dec 1865): Abolished slavery 2. 14th Amendment (July 1868): Overturned Dred Scott Decision, granted citizenship and due process of law 3. 15th Amendment (Feb 1870): Expanded suffrage to all male citizens (with loopholes used to disenfranchise African-Americans)
