Lecture 22 Introduction to Biochemistry PDF

03 BIOCHEMISTRY BEGAN WITH THE DISCOVERY YEAR 1 2021 MIBS 65101 Edward Buchner Cell-free extract of Yeast can ferment sugar The name Biochemistry was coined in 1903 by a German chemist named Carl Neuberg. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MEDICINE 04 Biochemistry is the branch of science that explores the che...

03 BIOCHEMISTRY BEGAN WITH THE DISCOVERY YEAR 1 2021 MIBS 65101 Edward Buchner Cell-free extract of Yeast can ferment sugar The name Biochemistry was coined in 1903 by a German chemist named Carl Neuberg. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MEDICINE 04 Biochemistry is the branch of science that explores the chemical processes within and related to living organisms. COOPERATIVE RELATIONSHIP Biomolecules, disease and genetics Diagnosis of diseases HEALTH AND DISEASE Various aspects of health, disease and treatment YEAR 1 2021 MIBS 65101 NORMAL AND ABNORMAL CONDITIONS 05 YEAR 1 2021 MIBS 65101 06 FIELDS OF BIOCHEMISTRY YEAR 1 2021 MIBS 65101 YEAR 1 2021 MIBS 65101 07 08 YEAR 1 2021 MIBS 65101 What do I learn in Biochemistry? YEAR 1 2021 MIBS 65101 09 Biomolecules 10 Importance of Biochemistry Studies various molecules that occur in living cells and organisms, the individual chemical reactions and their enzyme catalysts, and the expression and regulation of each metabolic process. Concerns the entire spectrum of life forms, from simple viruses and bacteria and plants to complex eukaryotes such as human beings. YEAR 1 2021 MIBS 65101 Health in all species depends on a harmonious balance of the biochemical reactions occurring in the body, while disease reflects abnormalities in biomolecules, biochemical reactions, or biochemical processes. Various biochemical laboratory tests represent an integral component of diagnosis and monitoring of treatment. Biochemistry and other related basic disciplines is essential for the rational practice of medicine and related health sciences. Results of the HGP and of research in related areas will have a profound influence on the future of biology, medicine, and other health sciences. YEAR 1 2021 MIBS 65101 10 Importance of Biochemistry Structure, Chemistry and Functions of Biomolecules Metabolic Processes in our body Enzymes and their mechanism Diseases and Diagnosis Mechanism of regulation of various processes Molecular Changes (Genetics) YEAR 1 2021 MIBS 65101 Water: the universal solvent 11 12 Buffer Systems YEAR 1 2021 MIBS 65101 13 YEAR 1 2021 MIBS 65101 Animal Cell 14 Carbohydrates YEAR 1 2021 MIBS 65101 YEAR 1 2021 MIBS 65101 15 The 20 Amino acids 16 Classification of amino acids YEAR 1 2021 MIBS 65101 17 Lipids YEAR 1 2021 MIBS 65101 18 Nucleic acids Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) Ribonucleic acids (RNA) YEAR 1 2021 MIBS 65101 Ribose sugar Deoxyribose sugar Purines - Adenine, Guanine Pyrimidines - Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil YEAR 1 2021 MIBS 65101 19 Stabilising forces in biomolecules COVALENT BOND IONIC OR ELECTROSTATIC BOND HYDROGEN BOND Formed by sharing electrons betwen atoms Formed by transfer of one or more electrons from the outer most orbit of an electropositive atom to the electronegative atom Formed by sharing of a hydrogen between two electron donors. HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTIONS Formed by interaction between nonpolar hydrophobic side chains by eliminating water molecules VAN DER WAALS FORCE Weak forces of attraction between all atoms, due to oscillating dipoles. Cellular Metabolism Sum total of the chemical activities of all cells is called Cellular Metabolism CATABOLIC PATHWAYS COUPLED REACTION Consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler compounds such as Protein, Glycogen & lipid synthesis. Release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds such as glycolysis. Liberation of energy in an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction Require energy to be added Endothermic Release energy Exothermic Exergonic reaction Endergonic reaction YEAR 1 2021 MIBS 65101 ANABOLIC PATHWAYS 20 21 YEAR 1 2021 MIBS 65101 PRIMARY METABOLISM Breakdown of food Nutrients are transported to tissues SECONDARY METABOLISM Built into lipids, proteins, and glycogen or Broken down by catabolic pathways to pyruvic acid and acetyl CoA TERTIARY METABOLISM Nutrients are catabolized to carbon dioxide, water, and ATP YEAR 1 2021 MIBS 65101 22 Metabolic Reactions YEAR 1 2021 MIBS 65101 CITRATE CYCLE, RESPIRATORY CHAIN 23 24 Control of metabolic reactions ENZYMES, COENZYMES & FACTORS Substrate specific, influenced by temperature, pH etc.... REGULATION YEAR 1 2021 MIBS 65101 Mechanisms, inhibitors, hormones etc...... COMPARTMENTALISATION Prevents interference of reactions ORGAN SPECIFICITY Functions unique for organs