Lecture 1-Medical Biochemistry - Introduction to Biochemistry (A.T.) - PDF

INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY Instructor: Asst. Prof. Dr. Akıle Tuncal [email protected] Lecture Objectives  Know what biochemistry is and its principle.  Know the components of a cell and its major types of bio-molecules.  Understand how the role of cell organisation and diff...

INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY Instructor: Asst. Prof. Dr. Akıle Tuncal [email protected] Lecture Objectives  Know what biochemistry is and its principle.  Know the components of a cell and its major types of bio-molecules.  Understand how the role of cell organisation and different types of chemical reactions involved in maintaining high degree of internal order. There are relationship of Biochemistry with; ◦ Physiology ◦ Pathology ◦ Pharmacology ◦ Immunology - Microbiology ◦ Toxicology ◦ Medicine and Allied Subjects ◦ Community Medicine-Nutrition ◦ Genetics  Study Material For Biochemistry Lecture Notes Books E–Books Internet websites  Books For Biochemistry 1. Lippincott's 2. Harper 3. Vasudevan 4. U Satyanarayana 5. Rana Shinde and Chatterjea 6. S K Gupta 7. Mohammed Rafi 8. Pankaja Naik 9. Raju 10. Puri  What is Biochemistry?  THE WORD ‘BIOCHEMISTRY’- MEANS -CHEMISTRY OF LIVING BEINGS OR CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE.  What is Biochemistry? Simplest definition: “Chemistry of the living cell” - Uses basic laws of chemistry, biology and physics to explain processes of living cells - GOAL: Describe life processes at the molecular level and answer the question: - The study of life at the molecular level. **Biochemistry: Greek : Bios =life “Life” in Biochemistry point of view is: ◦Hundreds of Biochemical reactions and Biochemical processes ◦Occurring in sub cellular organelles of a cell in an organized manner.  Biochemistry is a branch of life science: ◦Which deals with the Study of Biochemical Reactions and Processes ◦Occurring in living cells of organisms. What is life made of? Physical and Chemical sciences alone may not completely explain the nature of life, but they at least provide the essential framework for such an explanation. All students of life must have a fundamental understanding of organic chemistry and biochemistry. Biochemistry Biochemistry Biochemistry History and Development of Biochemistry  Historical Developments of Biochemistry Biochemistry emerged in the late 18th and early 19th century. The term Biochemistry was first introduced by the German Chemist Carl Neuberg in 1903. In the 1940s Clinical Biochemistry evolved, as an autonomous field. Historical Developments of Biochemistry  S.No Pioneer Workers Discovery/Work 1 Berzilus Enzymes Catalysis 2 Edward Buchner Enzyme Extraction 3 Louis Pasteur Fermentation Process 4 Lohmann Role of Creatine PO4 in muscles 5 Hans Kreb TCA Cycle 6 Banting and Macleod Insulin 7 Fiske and Subbarow Role of ATPs  S.No Pioneer Worker Discovery/Work 8 Watson and Crick Double Stranded DNA 9 Landsteiner Protein Structure 10 Peter Mitchell Oxidative Phosphorylation 11 Nirenberg Genetic Code on mRNA 12 Paul Berg Recombinant DNA Technology 13 Karry Mullis Polymerase Chain Reaction 14 Khorana Synthesized Gene Two notable breakthroughs Important Some Historic Events HGP from 1990, completed in 2003. What does the Biochemistry discuss? Polymers and Monomers How the monomers form polymers? Polymers and Monomers Principles of Biochemistry Cells Characteristic Bio-membranes and Organelles  Endoplasmic Reticulm (ER)-The transport network for molecules Functional Groups Functional Groups Functional Groups Bonds in Biochemical Compounds Biomolecules  Carbon can form immensely diverse compounds, from simple to complex. Energy rich biomolecules get catabolized in body cells to liberate chemical form of energy ATP used for various body activities. Various biomolecules are biosynthesized to perform vital functions of human body. To maintain normal health of a human body: ◦Biomolecules in human body work ◦Cooperatively with good coordination ,Regulation and Interrelationship. Types of Biomolecules Chemical Composition of a normal man (weight 65 kg)  Structural hierarchy in the molecular organization of cells Similarities among all types of cells  Many important biomolecules are polymers Roles of Important Biomolecules Carbohydrates serves as primary source of energy. Lipids serves as secondary source of energy. Proteins are structural and functional units of human body which are of prime importance and survival of human beings. Roles of Important Biomolecules Vitamins: Fat soluble and Water soluble vitamins have specific functions which serve as accessory growth factors. Minerals: Inorganic elements major and minor type has important role in building and functioning of human bodies.  Roles of Important Biomolecules Enzymes are biomolecules which are Biocatalysts catalyzes specific biochemical reactions of metabolic pathways and considered as functional units of metabolism. Hormones the Endocrine substances, chemical messengers of human body. They bring good coordination and regulate enzyme activities of metabolism. Elements of Molecular Biology Nucleic acids and Molecular Genetics DNA, RNA and Protein synthesis Regulation of gene expression Recombinant DNA technology How much Biochemistry do you need to know for this course? Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, always in a ratio of 1: 2: 1. Carbohydrates are the key source of energy used by living things. The building blocks of carbohydrates are sugars, such as glucose and fructose. Carbohydrates What do the roots mono-, di-, oligo-, and poly mean? Each of these roots can be added to the word saccharide to describe the type of carbohydrate you have. How do two monosaccharides combine to make a polysaccharide? Polysaccharides Lipids Lipids Lipids are molecules that consist of long hydrocarbon chains. Attaching the three chains together is usually a glycerol molecule. Lipids are non polar. Proteins Proteins are building blocks of structures called amino acids. Proteins are what your DNA codes to make. A peptide bond forms between amino acids by dehydration synthesis. Peptide Bond Peptide Bond Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids Biomolecules Sturucture Summary Moleculer organization of a cell Thank You =)