Introduction to Biochemistry Lecture Notes PDF

BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY Mona Liza R. Acosta, RPh. Instructor  OBJECTIVES 1) Demonstrate knowledge on the concepts of Biochemistry, Biochemical systems and Biochemical methods. 2) Demonstrate knowled...

BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY Mona Liza R. Acosta, RPh. Instructor  OBJECTIVES 1) Demonstrate knowledge on the concepts of Biochemistry, Biochemical systems and Biochemical methods. 2) Demonstrate knowledge on the relationship between Biochemistry and Pharmacy. OUTLINE OF DISCUSSION 01 Basic Concepts of Biochemistry 02 The Cell Structure 03 Cell Division 04 Introduction to Biomolecules Jumpstart Activity  JUMPSTART! 1 2 3 Science concerned with General term referring the chemical basis of life to organic compounds Basic unit of LIFE essential to life 4 5 6 Basic unit of MATTER Distinct part of the CELL Biomolecule  01 Basic Concepts of Biochemistry BIOCHEMISTRY The science concerned with the chemical basis of life. Chemical constituents of living cells and with the reactions and processes they undergo. Biochemistry  HISTORICAL NOTES ROBERT HOOKE § The first person to use the term “cell”. He referred to the small empty chambers in the structure. He is the first person who identify cell from a plant tissue. § He is the first person who identify cell from a plant tissue. § He saw some cube - like structures that reminded him of the long rows of monk’s rooms (or cells) at the monastery, so he named these structures “cells.”  HISTORICAL NOTES MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN AND THEODOR SCHWANN § Concluded that all plant and animal tissues were composed of cells. § Matthias Schleiden concluded that plant tissue is primarily is composed of cell. - He is a German botanist. - Cell is the basic building blocks of all plant matters. § Theodor Schwann - Lead now with the foundation of cell theory. 02 The Cell Structure  Molecular Composition q Water q Organic Molecules q Inorganic Molecules DISTINCT PART OF A CELL CELL Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell Membrane N U C L E U S  NUCLEUS Nuclear Membrane Nucleoli / Nucleolus Protects the genetic Site of RIBOSOMAL material. assembly Nucleoplasm Chromatin Organized structural AKA: Karyoplasm unit NUCLEAR MEMBRANE / ENVELOPE Nuclear pores: Exchange of material between nucleus and rest of the cell occurs through nuclear pores. Main determinant whether the cell is EUKARYOTIC or PROKARYOTIC  PROKARYOTE vs EUKARYOTE PROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE NO true Nucleus (No NM) TRUE NUCLEUS (w/ NM) NO membrane bound Mitochondria, Lysosomes, organelles ER, Golgi apparatus 30s + 50s = 70s 40s + 60s = 80s PROTOZOA (bacteria) Plants, Animals, Fungi DNA: Circular DNA: Linear  EXCEPTION A prokaryotic chromosome is usually a circular molecule (an exception is that of the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi Even without a real nucleus, the DNA is condensed in a nucleoid. Prokaryotes can carry extrachromosomal DNA elements. These smaller pieces of DNA An extrachromosomal pieces of DNA which are capable of autonomous (or self-regulated) replication. MR. PAST! NUCLEOLUS & NUCLEOPLASM Site of RIBOSOMAL assembly. It is also called as nuclear matrix. It contains enzymes involved in the synthesis of DNA and RNA. CHROMATIN / CHROMOSOMES Organized structural unit Chromatin – threadlike Chromosomes – rod-like ○ XX – Female ○ XY – Male HISTONES  Chromosome Epigenetic mark Nucleosomes (Methyl) Histones Histones Histone tail Chromatin DNA Closed chromatin (heterochromatin) is densely Open chromatin (euchromatin) is loosely packed, and transcription cannot occur. packed, and transcription can occur. MR. PAST! CELL MEMBRANE  Components of Cell Membrane Glycoprotein & Phospholipid Glycolipids Phospholipid bilayer Cholesterol Arachidonic acid Fluidity and consistency of the cell Eicosanoid pathway  CELL MEMBRANE ORGANISMS STRUCTURAL COMPONENT Plants Bacteria Fungi Animals Exoskeletons of arthropods, lobster & crabs PEPTIDOGLYCAN MR. PAST! CYTOPLASM  CYTOPLASM includes nutrients and cell by-products Inclusions Cytosol Organelles semi-transparent fluid that Small organs (see next slide) suspend other elements ORGANELLES MR. PAST! 03 Cell Division  CELL DIVISION Mitosis Interphase Cytokinesis  PRIONS Causative of: – bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle. – "scrapie” in sheep – Creutzfeldt - Jakob disease (CJD) in humans. PRIONS PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL  Plant Cell vs Animal Cell ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL MR. PAST!  Learning Assessment 04 Introduction to Biomolecules  BIOMOLECULES Carbohydrates Lipids GCF: CnH2nOn Fats & Waxes Proteins Nucleic acid GCF: CHONP GCF: CHON  REFERENCES Stoker, H. General, Organic and Biological Chemistry, Latest Ed. Devlin, T. Textbook of Biochemistry with clinical correlations, Latest Ed.  Thank you for Listening! J Do you have any questions? CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, and includes icons by Flaticon, and infographics & images by Freepik