Lecture 2 - A Historical Survey of Literary Criticism 2024 PDF

DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF EDUCATION Pampanga, Philippines Center of Development for Teacher Education A Historical Survey of Literary Criticism Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA...

DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF EDUCATION Pampanga, Philippines Center of Development for Teacher Education A Historical Survey of Literary Criticism Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA [email protected]  Practical Criticism: In its most general sense, what readers have been doing since the emergence of the first work of literature, be it oral or written. Today, it also includes the practical function of critics. Theoretical Criticism: What theoreticians of literature do. In the west, it is assumed to have begun in the 5th century BCE Athens. Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  It is the Greeks of the 5th century B.C. who first articulated and developed the philosophy of art and life that serves as the foundation for most theoretical and practical criticism. From the 5th century B.C. to the present, critics such as Plato, Dante, Wordsworth, and a host of others have developed principles of criticism that have had a major influence on the ongoing discussion of literary theory and criticism. Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  The Classical Period Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  PLATO (ca. 427-347 B.C.) Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE PLATO (ca. 427-347 B.C.) Works of Criticism: Plato’s ideas expressed in his Ion, Crito, The Republic, and other works, laid the foundation for many, if not most, of the pivotal issues of philosophy and literature: the concepts of truth, beauty, and goodness; the nature of reality; the structure of society; the nature and relations of being (ontology); questions about how we know what we know (epistemology); and ethics and morality. In the plays and writings of the comic dramatist Aristophanes, a contemporary of Plato, a few tidbits of practical criticism arise, but no clearly articulated literary theory. Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE PLATO (ca. 427-347 B.C.) Main Concepts: The core of Platonic thought resides in Plato’s doctrine of essences, ideas, or forms. Ultimate reality, he states, is spiritual. This spiritual realm, which Plato calls The One, is composed of “ideal” forms or absolutes that exist whether or not any mind posits their existence or reflects their attributes. It is these ideal forms that give shape to our physical world, for our material world is nothing more than a shadowy replica of the absolute forms found in the spiritual realm. Example: chair as a chair Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE PLATO (ca. 427-347 B.C.) With the advent of Plato and his Academy, philosophical inquiry and abstract thinking usurped the narrative as a method for discovering the truth. If ultimate reality rests in the spiritual realm and the material world is only a shadowy replica of the world of ideals, then according to Plato and his followers, poets (those who compose imaginative literature) are merely imitating an imitation when they write about any object in the material world. Plato declares that a poet’s craft is “an inferior who marries an inferior and has inferior offspring”, for the poet, declares Plato, is one who is now two steps or degrees removed from ultimate reality. Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE PLATO (ca. 427-347 B.C.) Plato condemns poets for producing art that is “nothing more than a copy of a copy”. Plato condemns all poets. Because poets are untrustworthy and damned, no longer can their works be the basis of the Greeks’ morality or ethics for Plato argues that in the poets’ works, lies abound concerning the nature of ultimate reality. Example: The Iliad In The Republic, Plato ultimately concludes that such people, the poets, must be banished. Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE PLATO (ca. 427-347 B.C.) In a later work, Plato recants the total banishment of poets from society, for he seemingly recognizes society’s need for poets and their craft to “celebrate the victors” of the state. However, only poets “who are themselves good and also honourable in the state” can be tolerated. Main Area of Interest in Criticism: The function of poetry (namely, literature) Influence: Plato initiates the still-existing debate on the value, nature, and worth of literature, and of those who produce works of literature. The Catchphrases: Poetry is the imitation of the imitation. Poetry is twice distanced from the ultimate reality. Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  Works of Criticism: In Poetics, Aristotle states the general principles of tragedy, as he saw them at the time, in accordance with his principles of philosophy. Main Concepts: Mimesis, which gathers all the arts under the roof of imitation. In this, Aristotle agrees with Plato. However, as Plato sees the art of poetry as a potential threat against the order in society, for Aristotle it may prove helpful in the improvement of society. ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.) Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.) This disagreement has its roots in the differing approaches of these two philosophers toward the idea of imitation. Against Plato’s idea that “imitation is two steps removed from the truth or realm of the ideal”; Aristotle deems “that poetry is more universal, more general than things as they are” for “ ‘it is not the function of the poet to relate what happened, but what may happen—what is possible according to the law of probability or necessity’”. Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.) Comparing it with history, Aristotle concludes that poetry is a more philosophical and therefore higher thing. This is because the historian writes of what has already happened, whereas the poet writes of what could and should happen. Aristotle explains it as the tendency of poetry to express the universal (with respect to universal truth); as history tends to express the particular (namely, what happened in a particular case). Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.) For Aristotle, poets do not imitate the physical world as it is, but create an imitation of it as it should be, and this paves the way that gets to the ideal as near as possible. Comedy versus Tragedy: In its most general sense, a comedy imitates the actions of the ones who are inferior to the audience. It does not reflect those people’s vices, however, but merely what is ridiculous, caused by “some error or ugliness that is painless and has no harmful effects”. Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.) A tragedy, however, analyzed in detail in the Poetics, is defined as: “An imitation of a noble and complete action, having the proper magnitude; it employs a language that has been artistically enhanced by each of the kinds of linguistic adornment, applied separately in the various parts of the play; it is presented in dramatic, not narrative form, and achieves, through the representation of pitiable and fearful incidents, the catharsis of such pitiable and fearful incidents”. Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.) Aristotle’s Chief Contributions to Literary Criticism a. Tragedy, or a work of art, is an imitation of nature that reflects a high form of art. b. Tragedy is an organic whole, which means that it has a beginning, a middle, and an end; and its parts are all interrelated. The three unities of time, place, and action all serve to this sense of wholeness. c. Tragic hero is a noble man of a positive character, but he is not faultless. So, his misfortunes and ultimate downfall are caused by some error or frailty in his own character. This is what we call his tragic flaw, or hamartia. Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.) d. Catharsis is the aimed emotional effect of a tragedy on its audience. It is the purgation, or purification of the emotions of the audience by the end of the play. e. The universal, not the particular, should be stressed. f. The poet must give close attention to diction or language. Main Area of Interest in Criticism: Literary form Influence: Literary criticism’s concern with the compositional elements of a work began with Aristotle’s poetics. It set the standard with respect to which literary works (especially in drama) are judged for ages, including the Renaissance and the 18th century. The Catchphrase: Poetry tends to express the universal, not the particular. Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  Works of Criticism: From Ars Poetica (the art of poetry) and a personal letter, it is possible to gain an understanding of his views with respect to literature. Main Concepts: In these texts, Horace aims to provide a guideline on how to be a good writer. HORACE (65-8 B.C.) Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE HORACE (65-8 B.C.) His advice basically include that poets: ✓Should imitate other poets, especially the poets of the past, and particularly the Greeks; ✓Should write about traditional subjects in unique ways; ✓Should avoid all extremes in subject matter, diction, vocabulary and style; gaining mastery in these skills by reading and following the examples of the classical Greek and Roman authors; and ✓Should avoid appearing ridiculous and must therefore aim their sights low, not attempting to be a new Virgil or Homer. Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE HORACE (65-8 B.C.) Literature’s ultimate aim is to be “sweet and useful” (dulce et utile), and therefore it is the task of the poet to aim for the both in his works. He should aim to teach and delight. Main Area of Interest in Criticism: Literary taste (namely, the features that make a literary work good) Influence: His views on literature “became the official canon of literary taste during the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and partly in the Neo-Classic Period. The Catchphrase: Literature’s ultimate aim is to teach and delight. Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  Work of Criticism: On the Sublime Main Concepts: One cannot accurately judge a literary work, unless one is exceedingly well-read. What is great in a work, Longinus names as sublime. This is an aspiration for higher, for “something more divine than we”. All readers possess the innate capacity to recognise it. The harmonious response of our intellects, emotions and wills to a work of art means that we have been touched by the sublime. LONGINUS (1 st Century A.D.) Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  LONGINUS (1 st Century A.D.) The author must possess a great mind and a great soul. The text must be composed of dignified and elevated diction, disposing the reader to high thoughts. The reader’s reaction to a work matters only if as the audience they are learned enough. Main Area of Interest in Criticism: Single elements of a text Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  LONGINUS (1 st Century A.D.) Importance: He is the first literary critic to quote in his writings from a different tradition than his own (from Hebrew). With that, he deserves the title as the first comparative critic in literary history. He is also the first critic to define a literary classic. His critical method and concepts can be seen as foreshadowing various schools of literary criticism that emerged in the 20th century (including new criticism and reader-oriented criticism). Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  The Middle Ages Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  Works of Criticism: Letter to Can Grande della Scala, originally a letter, in which he explains his literary theory. Main Concepts: The language spoken by the people (the vernacular) is an appropriate and beautiful language for writing. Allegory and symbolic language, techniques used in religious writings, can be used in secular works as well (as he said that he did in the Divine Comedy). Main Area of Interest in Criticism: The proper language for poetry Influence: The common tongue became an acceptable means of expression in literature, thus paving the way for DANTE ALIGHIERI an increase in audience. (1265-1321) oyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  Renaissance Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  Works of Criticism: An Apology for Poetry (originally Defence of Poesy, 1595) is the definitive formulation of Renaissance literary theory and the first influential piece of literary criticism in English history. Sidney’s sources include Plato, Aristotle, Horace, and several of his own contemporary Italian critics. Main Concepts: Poetry is an art of imitation, as defined by Aristotle with the concept of mimesis. Poetry is not a mindless or immoral activity. Poetry’s chief concern is to “teach and delight”. SIR PHILIP SYDNEY (1554-86) Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus -  SIR PHILIP SYDNEY (1554-86) Poetry is more valuable than history, law, and philosophy; and it embodies the truth above all other arts and sciences. The unities of time, place, and action are elemental in a tragedy. Creative poetry is similar to religion for both function through stirring the emotions of the reader. Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  SIR PHILIP SYDNEY (1554-86) Poets affirm morality, blend truth with symbolism, and give delight. Main Area of Interest in Criticism: The function of poetry Influence: The English tradition and history of literary criticism begins with Sydney. Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  The Neo-Classical Period Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  Works of Criticism: An Essay of Dramatic Poesy (1668) Main Concepts: a. A drama must stick to the three unities. b. The language of a play must observe “proper” speech. c. The violent actions should not be shown onstage; it would be quite “improper”, and therefore against decorum. JOHN DRYDEN (1631-1700) Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  JOHN DRYDEN (1631-1700) English drama is better than the French. Shakespearean tradition in drama is defended. The rhymed verse in drama is more valuable than the blank verse. NOTE: Blank verse, the basic pattern of language in Shakespeare's plays, is (in its regular form) a verse line of ten syllables with five stresses and no rhyme (hence "blank" Main Area of Interest in Criticism: The appreciation of literary works by their audience Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  JOHN DRYDEN (1631-1700) Influence: Dryden develops the study of literature in and of itself, not with respect to morality or religion. Key Concepts: Concepts such as decorum, politesse (namely, courteous formality), clarity, order, decorum, elegance, cleverness, wit are definitive of Dryden’s style as well as the period he produces his works. Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  Age of Reason Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  Works of Criticism: Essay on Criticism (1711), in which he attempted to codify neoclassical literary criticism, and therefore addressed primarily to literary critics. Main Concepts: The golden age of criticism is the classical age, the age of homes, Aristotle, Horace, and Longinus, who discovered the truth about “unerring nature”. ALEXANDER POPE (1688-1744) Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE ALEXANDER POPE (1688-1744) A good poet needs to be natural genius, adorned with a knowledge of classics and an understanding of the rules of poetry; balancing himself through politeness and grace in terms of style. His emphasis on defining the boundaries of style makes his literary theory a rhetoric one. The works of such a poet seeks to reaffirm truths or absolutes already discovered by the classical writers. This makes his theory of criticism mimetic. Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE ALEXANDER POPE (1688-1744) The task of the critic is to validate and maintain classical values in the ever-shifting flux of cultural change. Thus, he is the one who defines and defends good taste and cultural values. Main Area of Interest in Criticism: Literary taste Importance: Examining his Essay on Criticism, it is possible to gain an insight into the 18th century thought and literary criticism. Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  The Romantic Period Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  Works of Criticism: In his preface to the second edition of Lyrical Ballads (1798), Wordsworth explains the new vision of poetry he shares with Coleridge, giving us a glimpse of the beginnings of a radical change in literary theory. Main Concepts: The subject matter for his poetry is driven from common life. The “proper” language of poetry is as it is really used by people. The manner is the natural state of excitement. WILLIAM WORDSWORTH (1770-1850) Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE WILLIAM WORDSWORTH (1770-1850) The poets do no longer need to follow a prescribed set of rules, for the aim is that they freely express their own individualism. Readers are to decide in accordance with their own feelings, not having to base their judgements upon that of others. Main Area of Interest in Criticism: The elements and subject matter of literature Influence: Imagination is valued over reason in the composition of poetry, which resulted in new definitions of poetry and poet, as well as new judging criteria on behalf of the reader. Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE WILLIAM WORDSWORTH (1770-1850) The mimetic and rhetorical theories of the past centuries are shifted towards expressive theories. Highlighting the individuality of the artist and carrying readers into a privileged position in the appreciation of literature. The Catchphrases: “All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”. Poetry takes “its origin from emotion recollected in tranquillity”. Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  19 Century th and the th Early 20 Century Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  Works of Criticism: The History of English Literature (1863) that can be seen as the first example of the approach we today call the historical approach. Main Concepts: To study only the text without considering the author and his/her inner psyche would result in an incomplete analysis. So, the text and the author should be examined together. HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE TAINE (1828-93) Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE TAINE (1828-93) The environmental causes that should be taken into consideration in the process of analysis are: a. Race: Authors’ inherited and learned personal characteristics b. Milieu / Surroundings: Authors’ culture, intellectual concerns c. Moment / Epoch: The time period in which the work is written d. Dominant Faculty: Each author’s individual talent that differentiates it from others Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE TAINE (1828-93) Main Area of Interest in Criticism: The meaning of the text Influence: The text can now be approached as a literary object that can be dissected to discover its meaning. Literary works are now seen as the results of their histories. The Catchphrase: A work of art is “the result of given causes”. Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  ▪ Works of Criticism: In his essays “The Study of Poetry” and “The Function of Criticism at the Present Time”, Arnold assumes a position that combines the ancient theories of criticism with the current emphasis on the objectivity of knowledge. ▪ Main Concepts: Poetry can provide necessary truths, values, and guidelines for society. ▪ The best poetry is of a “higher truth and seriousness” than history—or any other human subject or activity, such as religion, science, and philosophy. MATTHEW ARNOLD (1822-88) Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE MATTHEW ARNOLD (1822-88) ▪ Literature reflects the society in which it is written, and for this reason presents its values and concerns. ▪ A classic work of literature belongs to the “highest” or “best” class. ▪ Seriousness goes hand in hand with moral excellence. ▪ The critic is to be objective, not having an interest in worldly affairs such as politics, which may breed bias. Thus, paving the way for high culture will be possible. Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE MATTHEW ARNOLD (1822-88) ▪ The critic is to refer to the ideas and expressions of the masters of the antiquity, using them as the chief criterion in the judgement of poetry. ▪ Main Area of Interest in Criticism: The function of poetry ▪ Influence: Arnold’s aim for an objective criticism results in the opposite direction. Now, the critic is not only an interpreter of literary texts, but also has a duty as the authority on values, culture, and tastes of the society. Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  Works of Criticism: In his essay “The Art of Fiction” (1884), James states that the English novel “had no air of having a theory, a conviction, a consciousness of itself behind it—of being the expression of an artistic faith, the result of choice and comparison”. For this reason, in this essay he assumes the task of providing the novel with a theory of its own. Main Concepts: A definition of the novel as: “a personal, a direct impression of life: that […] constitutes its value, which is greater or less according to the intensity of the impression”. HENRY JAMES (1843-1916) Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE HENRY JAMES (1843-1916) A novel must be interesting. Readers do not suspend their disbelief (against what Coleridge claimed) as they read a literary text. So, a novel must be realistic. A work of art is organic, with a life of its own, not a mere collection of realistic data. Third person narration is preferable rather than omniscient narration. It creates a greater sense of illusion. Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE HENRY JAMES (1843-1916) It is the reader who decides the value of a text, not the critics. Main Area of Interest in Criticism: Criticism of novel as a genre Influence: The genre of novel became a respectable topic for literary critics. His emphasis of realism started a debate which has not concluded yet. Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  Modern Literary Criticism Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  MODERN LITERARY CRITICISM Arnold’s death in 1888 (and to a lesser degree James’s death in 1916) marks a transitional period in literary criticism. Like Dryden, Pope, and Wordsworth before him, Arnold was the recognized authority and leading literary critic of his day, and it is his theories and criticism that embody the major ideas of his era. At the end of the 19th century, most critics emphasized either a biographical or historical approach to the text. Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  MODERN LITERARY CRITICISM Using Taine’s historical interests in a text and James’s newly articulated theory of the novel, many critics investigated a text as if it were the embodiment of its author or a historical artifact. In the 20th century, the tendency among the various new schools of criticism has been the abandonment of the holistic approach of the former ages, which investigated, analysed, and interpreted all elements of the artistic situation. This former tendency has been replaced, instead, by theories that concentrate on one or more specific aspects (such as focusing on the text only). Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE  WORKS CITED and FURTHER READING Adams, Hazard, ed. Critical Theory Since Plato. New York: Harcourt, 1971. Atkins, G. Douglas, and Laura Morrow, eds. Contemporary Literary Theory. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1989. Bressler, Charles E. Literary Criticism: An Introduction to Theory and Practice (5th edition). London: Pearson Longman, 2011. Print. Con Davis, Robert, and Laurie Finke, eds. Literary Criticism and Theory: The Greeks to the Present. New York: Longman, 1989. Crane, R. S., et al. Critics and Criticism: Ancient and Modern. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952. Dobie, Ann B. Theory into Practice: An Introduction to Literary Criticism. 3rd edition. Boston: Wadsworth, 2012. Print. Joyce Ann M. Tolentino, LPT, MFA | 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 | DHVSU Main Campus - COE