lecture 1.pdf

5/14/2024 Introduction to Computer Mrs. Asma Mustafa PAGE 1 In...

5/14/2024 Introduction to Computer Mrs. Asma Mustafa PAGE 1 Introduction Functionalities of a Computer Lecture 1 Outline Advantages of Computers Application of computers Generation of computers PAGE 2 1  5/14/2024 Introduction In Today’s world, technology plays an important role in all aspects of our life, such as education, transportation, communication, etc. It has become a necessity for everyone to know about computers. PAGE 3 Computer System: What is a computer? A computer is an advanced electronic device that takes data as an input from the user and processes it under the control of a set of instructions (called program), produces a result (output), and saves it for future use. PAGE 4 2  5/14/2024 Computer System: A computer system consists of three main components: Hardware: physical components like Screen, Cables, Keyboard and Printer. Software: non-physical components, a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do and how to do it, such as system software and application software. User: A person who uses the software on the computer to do some tasks. PAGE 5 Functionalities of a Computer: Step 1: Takes data as input. Step 2: Stores the data in its memory and uses them as required. Step 3: Processes the data and converts it into useful information. Step 4: Generates the output. Step 5: Controls all the above four steps. PAGE 6 3  5/14/2024 Advantages of Computers: High Speed: Computer is a very fast device that can perform calculation of a large amount of data in a few seconds “about 3-4 million simple instructions per second”. 2. Accuracy: Computers are very accurate devices where the calculations are 100% error free. Errors that may occur can usually be attributed to human error “inaccurate data”. 3. Storage Capability: Computers can store very large amounts of data than human beings. It can save any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio, etc. PAGE 7 Advantages of Computers:  4. Diligence: It can work continuously without any error and perform repeated tasks with the same speed and accuracy.  5. Versatility: Computers can be used to solve the problems related to various fields where they can be seen in almost every field: Air reservation, Banks, Hotels, Weather forecasting, etc. 6.Reliability: A computer is a reliable machine, and modern electronic components have long lives PAGE 8 4  5/14/2024 Application of computers: Business: A computer has high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy, reliability, or versatility, which has made it an integrated part in all business organizations. Computer is used in business organizations for :  Payroll calculations  Budgeting  Sales analysis  Financial forecasting  Managing employee database PAGE 9 Application of computers: Banking:  Today, banking is almost totally dependent on computers. Banks provide the following facilities: 1.Online accounting facility, which includes checking current balance, making deposits checking interest charges and shares. 2.ATM machines, which are completely automated, are making it even easier for customers to deal with banks. PAGE 10 5  5/14/2024 Application of computers: Education: The computer helps in providing many facilities in the education system:  Online Classroom Learning  Simplify Record Keeping  Easy to Create Any Documents  Online Library  Track the performance of students PAGE 11 Application of computers: Healthcare: Computers have become an important part in hospitals, labs. It is also used in scanning and diagnosing different diseases. Some major fields in which computers are used: a. Diagnostic System: Computers are used to collect data and identify the cause of illness. b. Lab-diagnostic System: All tests can be done and the reports are prepared by computer. c. Patient Monitoring System: These are used to check the patient's signs for abnormality such as in Cardiac Arrest, ECG, etc. PAGE 12 6  5/14/2024 Application of computers: Communication: Communication is a way to transfer a message, an idea or picture that is received and understood clearly and correctly by the person. Some main areas in this category are: a.E-mail. b.Chatting (social media). c. Video-conferencing. PAGE 13 Generation of computers We will learn more about each of the five generations of computers and the advances in technology that have led to the development of the many computing devices that we use today. PAGE 14 7  5/14/2024 Generation of computers First Generation: The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube  The main features of the first generation are: Vacuum tube technology Unreliable Supported machine language only Very expensive Generated a lot of heat Slow input and output devices Huge size Non-portable PAGE 15 Generation of computers Second Generation: The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based. The main features of second generation are: Use of transistors Reliable in comparison to first generation computers Smaller and more compact in size Generated less heat Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation computers Faster than first generation computers Still very costly Supported machine and assembly languages PAGE 16 8  5/14/2024 Generation of computers Third Generation: The period of third generation: 1965- 1971. Integrated Circuit based. The main features of third generation are: IC used More reliable in comparison to previous two generations Smaller size Generated less heat Faster Lesser maintenance Costly Consumed lesser electricity Supported high-level language PAGE 17 Generation of computers Fourth Generation: The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. Microprocessor based. The main features of the first generation are: Microprocessor technology used Very cheap Portable and reliable Use of PCs Very small size Concept of internet was introduced Great developments in the fields of networks Computers became easily available PAGE 18 9  5/14/2024 Generation of computers Fifth Generation: The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards. Ultra Large-Scale Integration based. The main features of fifth generation are ULSI technology Development of true artificial intelligence Development of Natural language processing More user-friendly interfaces with multimedia features Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates PAGE 19 Computer Types:  Computers can be classified by their speed and computing power as follows: PAGE 20 10