1st Term Computer Grade 10 PDF

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (GRADE 10) SCHEME OF WORK & LESSON NOTES FOR FIRST TERM 2024/2025 SESSION AUGUST 20, 2024 PRINCETON COLLEGE 9/33, OLATUNDE ONIMOLE STREET, SURULERE, LAGOS SCHEME OF WORK WEEK TOPIC 1 Overview of...

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (GRADE 10) SCHEME OF WORK & LESSON NOTES FOR FIRST TERM 2024/2025 SESSION AUGUST 20, 2024 PRINCETON COLLEGE 9/33, OLATUNDE ONIMOLE STREET, SURULERE, LAGOS SCHEME OF WORK WEEK TOPIC 1 Overview of Computer System  Definition of Computer  The two main Constituent of a Computer 2 Overview of Computer System (cont.)\  Computer Hardware  Computer Software 3 Data and Information  Data and information  Differences btw Data and Information 4 IGCSE Practical ( Document Production) 5 Computing Devices I (Pre-computer age to 19th century)  Features, components and uses of computer devices  Features, components and uses of computer devices 6 Computing devices II (20th Century to date)  Features, components and uses of ENIAC  Personal Computers 7 Networks and the effects of using them  Networks  Network devices 8 Networks and the effects of using them (cont.)  IP and MAC Addresses  How to set up a small network 9 IGCSE Practical ( Document Production) 10 IGCSE Practical ( Document Production) 11 Revision 12 Examination WEEK ONE TOPIC: OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER SYSTEM CONTENT: 1. Definition of a Computer 2. The Two main Constituents of a Computer METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING: EXPERIMENTAL LEARNING REFERENCES: A Handbook on Computer Studies / ICT for Senior Secondary Schools, SS 1 by Niyi Adekolegan et al Pages 5 to 9 STUDENTS ACTIVITIES 1. Hands-On Activities: Practical tasks, where students are given System Unit to identify some of the components like the connecting ports, IDE cable, Expansion slots etc, they are allowed to remove and fix them back and ensure they are working again SUBTOPIC 1: DEFINITION OF A COMPUTER DEFINITION 1: A Computer is an electronic device which under the control of a stored program can accept process, store, retrieve data and output the result as information in a specified form. DEFINITION 2: A Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user, processes these data under the control of set of instructions (called program), gives the result (output) and saves output for future use. DFINITION 3: A Computer can be defined as a programmable electronic device designed for performing prescribed operations on data at high speed. It can also be linked to other devices for inputting, storing, retrieving, and output of information. The three basic operations of the computer are: Input Input is the raw data entered into a computer from the input devices. It is the collection of letters, numbers, images etc. Process Process is the operation of data as per given instruction. It is totally internal process of the computer system. Output Output is the processed data given by computer after data processing. The output is known as Information. We can save these results in the storage devices for the future use. Sub-Topic 2: CONSTITUENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM: A system is a set of connected parts forming a complex whole. Therefore a computer system is a functional unit of interconnected parts or devices working together to achieve a common output. It is made up of the CPU, memory and related electronics (main cabinet), all the peripheral devices connected to it and its operating system. The computer system can be grouped into two namely:  1. Computer Hardware 2. Computer Software keyword Meaning Programmable refers to something that can be configured or set up to perform specific tasks Hardcopy Physical printout or document. Hardware Physical components of a computer or device. software Programs and applications that run on hardware. EVALUATION: (i) List the three basic operations of a computer. (ii) Outline 5 parts of a computer system Students are to answer CBT questions for the week WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT: Answer questions 1 to 5 in the text book (A Handbook on Computer Studies / ICT for Senior Secondary Schools, SS 1 by Niyi Adekolegan et al Pages 9) OBJECTIVE TEST: 1. In defining a computer, the following points should be noted except (a) It works under the control of stored instruction (b) It is radical in operation (c) it can accept data in a prescribed form (d) It supply the results as information in a specified form 2. Another name for programs is................................ 3. A collection of components that work together to achieve a goal is known as (a) Computer (b) System (c) Collector (d) Device 4. The parts of the computer system we can see with our eyes and touch with our hands is called the computer............... (a) Software (b) Hardware (c) Hardwood (d) Hardcopy 5. The ability of the computer to hold data, instructions and information for future use is referred to as (a) Storage (b) Output (c) Input (d) Proces WEEK TWO TOPIC: OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER SYSTEM CONTENT: 1. Computer Hardware 2. Computer Software 3. Characteristics of a Computer METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING: EXPERIMENTAL LEARNING REFERENCES: A Handbook on Computer Studies / ICT for Senior Secondary Schools, SS 1 by Niyi Adekolegan et al Pages 5 to 9 STUDENTS ACTIVITIES 2. Hands-On Activities: Practical tasks where students are given a system unit to identify some of the components like storage devices e.g hard disc, RAM, CPU etc, they are allowed to remove and fix them back and ensure they are working again SUBTOPIC 1: COMPUTER HARDWARE Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements that constitute a computer system. Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer such as monitor, keyboard, hard drive disk, mouse, CPU (graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips), etc. all of which are physical objects that you can actually touch. Computer hardware is divided into two main categories namely:  System unit, and  Peripherals The System Unit is the electronic components such as CPU, primary memory and other devices that are used to process and store data, It is the computer casing or cabinet that contains the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and many other electronic components. It contains many hardware components that can be seen only when the case or cabinet is open. A Peripheral device is any piece of hardware attached to the computer’s system unit to facilitate or enhance input and output operations. Those devices which are not an integral part of the CPU are referred to as peripherals. These attachments increase the capabilities of the computer. Peripherals are usually used for either input, storage, output and communication devices (such as a hard disk, keyboard, printer, modems, digital camera, etc.). Fig 1a. Fig 1b The main hardware components of a computer system Input devices are hardware devices which take information from the user of the computer system, convert it into electrical signals and transmit it to the processor. The primary function of input devices is to allow humans to interact with the computer system. For instance a mouse allows the user to control the movement of the pointer (a common element in user interface design). Output devices take data from the computer system and convert it to a form that can be interpreted by humans. For instance a monitor creates a visual electronic display to output information created by the processor to the user. Processing devices are the components responsible for the processing of information within the computer system. This includes devices such as the CPU, memory and motherboard. Storage devices are components which allow data to be stored within a computer system. This includes devices such as hard disk drives and compact disk drives. EVALUATION (i) Define computer hardware (ii) Highlight the two major categories of Computer Hardware SUBTOPIC 2: COMPUTER SOFTWARE: Computer software (often called just software) is a set of instructions and associated documentation that tells a computer what to do or how to perform a task or it can mean all the software on a computer, including the applications and the operating system It is also a set of instructions (programs) that commands the computer hardware what to do, how to do and as well as when to do. In other words, software is a set of programs, procedures, algorithms and its documentation. It is the driver of the hardware. Without the software, the computer becomes useless and an idle piece of metal. In contrast to hardware, software is intangible, meaning it ‘it cannot be touched’. Software as a whole can be divided into a number of categories based on the types of work done by programs. The two primary software categories are; 1. SYSTEM SOFTWARE:  This is a collection of computer software designed to operate the computer hardware and to provide and maintain a platform for running application software.  Systems software includes the programs that are dedicated to managing the computer itself, such as the operating system, file management utilities, and disk operating system (DOS) which control the workings of the computer.  More so, it can be defined as a collection of programs designed to operate, control, and extend the processing capabilities of the computer hardware. System software is generally prepared by the computer manufacturers. These software products comprise of programs written in low-level languages, which interact with the hardware at a very basic level. System software serves as the interface between the hardware and the end users.  Some examples of system software are Operating System, Compilers, Interpreter, Assemblers, etc. Categories of System software includes: 1. Operating systems : An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the software and the computer hardware e.g windows o/s, Linus o/s, disk operating system, handroid o/s, symbian o/s, etc. 2. Device drivers : is a computer program that operates or controls a particular type of device that is attached to a computer e.g. scanner driver, printer drivers, network drivers, graphics driver, sound card drivers, etc. 3. Utility software : designed to help analyze, configure, optimize or maintain a computer.It is used to support the computer infrastructure in contrast to application software, which is aimed at directly performing tasks that benefit ordinary users. Examples are: anti-virus, clipboard managers, disk checkers, disc cleaner, disk defragmenters, file managers, etc 4. Translators : is a software that converts high level language(human language or source code) to machine language 2. APPLICATION SOFTWARE: An application program (app or application for short) is a computer program designed to perform a group of coordinated functions, tasks, or activities for the benefit of the user. also known as software application, application or app, consists of programs that instruct the computer to accomplish specific tasks for the user, such as word processing, operating a spreadsheet, managing accounts in inventories, record keeping, or playing a video game. These programs, called applications, are run only when they are needed. The number of available applications is as great as the number of different uses of computers. Some examples of this category of software includes; o Accounting software e.g Peachtree Complete Accounting o Computer-aided design e.g. Corel Draw o Databases e.g. Microsoft access o Decision making software e.g. Microsoft project o Educational software e.g. Microsoft Encarta  o Image editing e.g. Adobe photo-shop o Mathematical software e.g. SAGE o Word processor e.g. Microsoft word o Spreadsheets e.g. Microsoft excel o Media players and database applications DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SYSTEM SOFTWARE AND APPLICATION SOFTWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE APPLICATION SOFTWARE (i) Can run independently of the (i) It cannot run without the presence of application software the system software (ii) It gets installed when the operating (ii) It is installed according to the system is installed on the computer requirements of the user (iii) They are programs that run and (iii) They are programs designed to control the hardware units of the system meet specific needs of users (iv) It provides a platform for running (iv) It helps the user to perform single the application software or multiple tasks (v) Some examples of system software (v) Some examples of application are computer operating systems like software are Microsoft Word, Windows XP, Linux, MacOs and Accounting software like Microsoft Ubuntu Excel and Microsoft Access (vi) They are intricately(carefully) (vi) They are programmed by programmed by system programmers applications programmers. CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPUTER The following are the major characteristics of a computer, depending on their types and application: Speed A computer works at amazing speed. It can carry out instructions at a very high speed because it uses an electronic signal which runs at the speed of light. It can perform in a few seconds the amount of work that a human being can do in an entire year – if he works day and night and does else. Some calculations that would have taken hours and days to complete otherwise, can be completed in a few seconds using the computer. The speed of computer is calculated in MHz, that is one million instructions per second. Accuracy The accuracy of a computer is consistently high. The degree of accuracy depends on the instructions and the type of processor. It performs operations at fast rate gives the result of division of any number up to 10 decimal points without errors such that the accuracy is beyond expectation. Since it is programmed, the result can only be wrong if the input is wrong. Versatility Versatility is one of the most wonderful things about computer. Multi-processing features of computer makes it quiet versatile in nature. One moment, it is preparing the results of particular examination, the next moment it is busy preparing electricity bills, and in between it may be helping an office secretary to trace an important letter in seconds. It can perform different types of tasks with same ease. All that is required to change its talent is to slip in a new program into it. Briefly, a computer is capable of performing almost any task provided that the task can be reduced to a series of logical steps. Reliability Computer provide very high speed accompanied by an equality high level for reliability. Thus computers never make mistakes of their own accord. High Storage and Retrieval Capacity A computer can store and recall any amount of information because of its secondary storage capability. Every piece of information can be retain as long as desired by the user and it can be recalled information almost instantaneously. Even after several years, the information recalled will be as accurate as on the day when it was fed to the computer. Storage The computers have a lot of a storage devices which can store a tremendous amount of data. Data storage is essential function of the computer. Secondary storage devices like floppy disk can store a large amount of data permanently.. Automation Once the instructions are fed into computer it works automatically without any human intervention until the completion of execution of program until it meets logical instructions to terminate the job. Keyword Meaning Algorithm A sequence of steps to solve a problem or perform a task. Automation Technology that performs tasks with minimal human input Peripherals External devices connected to a computer to expand its functionality. Compiler Software that translates high-level programming code into machine code. STUDENTS ACTIVITIES 3. Hands-On Activities: Practical tasks where students are given a system unit to identify some of the components like storage devices e.g hard disc, RAM, CPU etc, they are allowed to remove and fix them back and ensure they are working again EVALUATION: (i) Answer questions 5 to 10 in the text book (A Handbook on Computer Studies / ICT for Senior Secondary Schools, SS 1 by Niyi Adekolegan et al Page 9) (ii) Compare the Computer System to Human System draw out inferences (iii) List FIVE characteristics of computers WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT: Answer questions 11 to 15 in the text book (A Handbook on Computer Studies / ICT for Senior Secondary Schools, SS 1 by Niyi Adekolegan et al …Page 9 ) OBJECTIVE TEST: 1..................... is a collection of computer programs that drives the hardware. (a) All Programs (b) Applications (c) Firmware (d) Hardware 2........................... consists of programs that instruct the computer to accomplish specific tasks for the user (a) Computer (b) Application software (c) System software (d) Network software 3. The computer casing that contains the Central processing Unit (CPU) is called the....... (a) Input unit (b) System unit (c) Memory unit (d) CPU unit 4. A computer is said to be capable of performing almost any task provided that the task can be reduced to a series of logical steps, this characteristics is known as................... (a) Speed (b) Reliability (c) Versatility (d) Accuracy 5. The software that controls the basic internal operations of the computer is known as........... (a) system software (b) application software (c) software (d) internal software ESSAY QUESTIONS: 1. Itemize FIVE differences between System software and Application software. 2. Highlight THREE other characteristics of the computer NOT mentioned in the note Above WEEK: THREE TOPIC: DATA AND INFORMATION CONTENT: 1. Definition of Data and Information 2. Differences between data and Information 3. Examples of Data and Information METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING: EXPLANATION METHOD REFERENCES: A Handbook on Computer Studies / ICT for Senior Secondary Schools, SS 1 by Niyi Adekolegan et al Pages 21 to 26 STUDENTS ACTIVITIES Case Studies: In-depth analysis of a particular case or situation, allowing students to apply concepts to real-world scenarios e.g how census is conducted in Nigeria SUB-TOPIC 1: Definition of Data and Information DATA Can be defined as basic facts about a place someone or something. Data are raw facts. Data are unprocessed facts. Data can also mean facts, events, activities and transactions that have been recorded. Examples of data are names, scores, words, figures etc. Data can also be referred to as raw facts that have not been processed. As a result such data is not meaningful yet, since it has not yet been processed by the computer system. Data is the plural of datum. INFORMATION: Can be defined as data that have been converted into a more meaningful and useful form unlike data. Information is the end-product of a processed data. Information may however be used as an input data for further processing. Therefore Data and Information are often used interchangeably. Information is organized and meaningful unlike data. Examples of information are Processed examination score arranged according to grade levels or positions in class. EXAMPLES OF DATA AND INFORMATION Examples of data are: Height, name, sex, age of students, numbers etc., while examples of information is examination scores arranged according to grade, level or position. SUB-TOPIC 2: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DATA AND INFORMATION The differences between data and information are given below; No. DATA INFORMATION 1. They are unprocessed facts They are processed 2. They are not meaningful They are Related and meaningful 3. They serve as computer input They serve as computer output 4. They are unorganized They are organized 5. They do not make meaning They make meaning. EVALUATION: 1. State five differences between data and information EVALUATION: 1. Explain how data and information can be used interchangeably. 2. Explain the term “ raw data” Keyword Meaning Data They are raw facts (yet to be processed) plural Datum Singular form of data. Class base CBT will be conducted for the week WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:. (i) Answer questions 3 to 7 in the text book (A Handbook on Computer Studies / ICT for Senior Secondary Schools, SS 1 by Niyi Adekolegan et al …Page 25) 1. Personal data includes all these except (a) Age (b) gender (c) surname (d) room number 2. Which of these is common to both data and information? (a) They are both processed facts (b) They are both computer results (c) They can both be displayed on the screen (d) They are both computer input 3. Information can be defined as (a) Analyzed data (b) Gathered data (c) Meaningful data (d) Gathered analyzed, processed data 4. --------- is not a difference between information and data (a) Information are processed data (b) Information are meaningful unlike data (c) Information are usually more than one item (d) Information are unorganized 5. Which of the following is not an example of data? (a) Age (b) height (c) scores (d) arranged students examination scores WEEK FOUR TOPIC: PRACTICAL CONTENT: 1. Document Production METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING: DEMONSTRATION METHOD The Teacher demonstrate the techniques to produce and format document, while the students follow. Material: 2021 IGCE OCT/NOV past question Task 1 WEEK: FIVE TOPIC: COMPUTING DEVICES CONTENT: Features, components and uses of: (i) Abacus (ii) Slide rule (iii) Napier’s bone (iv) Pascal’s calculator (v) Leibnitz multiplier (vi) Jacquard’s Loom (vii) Charles Babbage (viii) Analytical Engine (xi) Hollerith Census Machine (x) Burroughs’s Machine. METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING: DISCUSSION METHOD REFERENCES: A Handbook on Computer Studies / ICT for Senior Secondary Schools, SS 1 by Niyi Adekolegan et al Pages 27 to 32 STUDENTS ACTIVITIES 1. Hands-On Activities: Practical tasks where students are given a system unit to identify some of the components like storage devices e.g hard disc, RAM, CPU etc, they are allowed to remove and fix them back and ensure they are working again SUB-TOPIC 1: FEATURES, COMPONENTS AND USES OF COMPUTING DEVICES ABACUS: Abacus is an instrument used in performing arithmetic calculations. It is probably the first calculating device. The Chinese invented it, and because of its success it spread from China to other countries. The abacus is also called a counting frame, it consist of a tablet or frame bearing parallel wires or grooves on which counters or beads are moved. A modern abacus consists of wooden frame with beads on parallel wires, and a crossbar oriented perpendicular to the wires that divides the beads into two groups. Each column or wire represents one place in the decimal system. The Abacus was used for addition and subtraction. It could not carry out complex mathematics operation. The Abacus SLIDE RULE: Slide rule is a mechanical analog computer.It is also known as slipstick. It is used primarily for multiplication and divisions, and also for functions such as roots, logarithms, and trigonometry. It is not normally used for addition and subtraction. Slide rule come in a diverse range of style and generally appear in a linear or circular form with standardised set of markings(scales) essential to perform mechanical operations. The slide rule was developed by William Oughtred, an English mathematician. The slide rule looks much like a heavily caliberated ruler with a movable mid section. The Slide Rule NAPIER’S BONE: Napier's bones is an abacus created by John Napier of Merchiston for calculation of products and quotients of numbers, in 1600. John Napier was a Scottish mathematician who invented logarithms and the decimal point. The device consists of a set of graduated rods based on the principle of logarithms. It was then used as a multiplication aid. To use Napier’s bones, the rods are moved up and down in a sliding manner against each other, matching the graduated rods. The device was a fore-runner of the slide rule which emerged in the middle of 17th century. Formerly used to perform multiplication and division but now taken over by modern electronic calculator. Napier Bones PASCAL’S CALCULATOR: Blaise Pascal a French Mathematician, Physicist and a religious philosopher, invented the Pascal’s calculator in 1642. Pascal’s calculator was first called the arithmetic machine, Pascal’s calculator and then the Pascaline. This machine was invented as a result of trying to help his father who was a tax collector and had the need for subtraction, addition, multiplication and division. Hence the need for this machine. Pascaline's mechanism was very promising but in practice was very complicated and the weighted ratchets have a tendency to jam. Except that the ratchets didn't let the gears to rotate in both directions, so subtraction had to be implemented with nines complements trick, which is not so elegant way to perform a subtraction. In addition as you can see from the previous examples, Pascaline is not a calculating machine, but actually just an adding machine. In fact all similar machines with stylus setting mechanisms should be called adding machines rather than calculating machines. Despite all that Pascaline was a historical achievement and it is considered today as the first calculating device that the human race has discovered. Pascaline LEIBNIZ MULIPLIER: The Step Reckoner (or Stepped Reckoner) was a digital mechanical calculator invented by German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz around 1672 and completed in 1694.The name comes from the translation of the German term for its operating mechanism; staffelwalze meaning 'stepped drum'. It was the first calculator that could perform all four arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Its intricate precision gear work, however, was somewhat beyond the fabrication technology of the time; mechanical problems, in addition to a design flaw in the carry mechanism, prevented the machines from working reliably. Stepped reckoner (Leibniz Multiplier) EVALUATION: 1. Name three (3) tools used for calculations from the time of abacus. 2. What type of computer is the Slip stick? SUB-TOPIC 2: FEATURES, COMPONENTS AND USES OF COMPUTING DEVICES (Continued) JACQUARD LOOM: The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard, first demonstrated in 1801, that simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with complex patterns such as brocade, damask and matelasse. The loom was controlled by a "chain of cards", a number of punched cards, laced together into a continuous sequence. Multiple rows of holes were punched on each card and each row of punched holes corresponded to one row of the design. Several such paper cards, generally white in color, can be seen in the images below. Chains, like the much later paper tape, allowed sequences of any length to be constructed, not limited by the size of a card. Jacquard’s Loom DIFFERENCE ENGINE: Difference engine is an automatic mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions. The name derives from the method of divided differences, a way to interpolate or tabulate functions by using a small set of polynomial coefficients. Both logarithmic and trigonometric functions, functions commonly used by both navigators and scientists, can be approximated by polynomials, so a difference engine can compute many useful sets of numbers. The historical difficulty in producing error free tables by teams of mathematicians and human "computers" spurred Charles Babbage's desire to build a mechanism to automate the process.  Difference engine CHARLES BABBAGE: Charles Babbage, FRS (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English polymath. He was a mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer, who is best, remembered now for originating the concept of a programmable computer. Considered a "father of the computer", Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer that eventually led to more complex designs. His varied work in other fields has led him to be described as "pre-eminent" among the many polymaths of his century. Father of computer Father of Computer HOLLERITH CENSUS MACHINE: Herman Hollerith (February 29, 1860 – November 17, 1929) was an American statistician and inventor who developed a mechanical tabulator based on punched cards to rapidly tabulate statistics from millions of pieces of data. He was the founder of the Tabulating Machine Company that later merged to become IBM. Hollerith is widely regarded as the father of modern automatic computation. Herman Hollerith ANALYTICAL ENGINE: The Analytical Engine was a proposed mechanical general-purpose computer designed by English mathematician Charles Babbage. It was first described in 1837 as the successor to Babbage's Difference engine, a design for a mechanical computer. The Analytical Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit, control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops, and integrated memory, making it the first design for a general-purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing- complete. Babbage was never able to complete construction of any of his machines due to conflicts with his chief engineer and inadequate funding. It was not until the 1940s that the first general-purpose computers were actually built. Analytical engine BURROUGH’S MACHINE: Burroughs Adding Machine Company traced its founding to William Seward Burroughs who invented and patented the first workable adding and listing machine in St. Louis, Missouri in 1885. 1885: The first workable adding and listing machine is built and patented by William Seward Burroughs. 1886: The American Arithmometer Company is formed. 1886: The sales of the first adding and listing machine of the American Arithmometer Company began at a price of $475 each. 1886: Thomas Metcalfe was elected the first president of the American Arithmometer Company. 1891: Charles E. Barney becomes the second president of the American Arithmometer Company. 1895: Total sales for 1895 were 284 machines. 1898: William Seward Burroughs dies. 1900: Total sales for 1900 were 972 machines.  Burroughs’s Machine EVALUATION: 1. State three (3) differences between Charles Babbage difference and Analytical engine. 2. Why is Charles “Babbage referred to as the “father of Computer” Keyword Meaning Computing The use of computers and technology to perform tasks and solve problems. Logarithm A mathematical function that determines the exponent needed for a base number to reach a specific value. Trigonometry The study of the relationships between the angles and sides of triangles. STUDENTS ACTIVITIES Presentations: Students prepare and deliver presentations on the topic, which helps develop their research, organization, and speaking skills EVALUATION: 1. List four (4) 19th Century computing devices. 2. State two features of Herman Hollerith machine. 3. State two Features of the Abacus machine. WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT: (i) Answer questions 1 to 10 in the text book (A Handbook on Computer Studies / ICT for Senior Secondary Schools, SS 1 by Niyi Adekolegan et al … Page 32 ) 1. Which of the following was first invented for calculation by man? (a) Fingers/toes (b) Napier’s rod(c) Slide rule (d) Abacus 2. All these are not based on logarithm principle except (a) Napier’s bone(b) Pascaline’s machine (c)Leibniz machine(d) Jacquard’s loom 3. Leibniz machine is also called a (a) Step recorder (b) step-up calculator (c) step reckoner (d) Burroughs’s machine. 4. Which of the following machines deals with” textile” (a) Jacquard’s loom (b) Babbage’s machine (c) Burroughs’s machine (d) none. 5. Another name for a slip stick is --------- (a) Slide rule (b) abacus (c) Leibnitz machine (d) Hollerith machine. WEEK SIX TOPIC: COMPUTING DEVICE II (20TH CENTURY TO DATE) CONTENT: 1. Features, components and uses of ENIAC 2. Features, components and uses of EDVAC 3. Features, components and uses of UNIVAC 1 4. Features, components and uses of Desktop Personal Computer. 5. Features, components and uses of Laptop and Notebook Computers. 6. Features, components and uses of Palm top Computers. METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING: DISCUSSION METHOD] REFERENCES: A Handbook on Computer Studies / ICT for Senior Secondary Schools, SS 1 by Niyi Adekolegan et al Pages 17 to 19 STUDENT ACTIVITIES Class Discussions: Opportunities for students to share their thoughts, ask questions, and debate ideas. This can be done as a whole class or in smaller discussion groups. SUB-TOPIC 1: FEATURES, COMPONENTS AND USES OF ENIAC INTRODUCTION: The twentieth century computers are mechanical and electro-mechanical devices that possesses input unit, memory unit, processing etc and can as well perform automatic operations. Among the early computing device the twentieth century are Mark1, ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC and Von Newman machine etc. FEATURES, COMPONENTS AND USES OF ENIAC: ENIAC, in full Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, the first programmable general-purpose electronic digital computer, built during World War II by the United States. In the United States, government funding during the war went to a project led by John Mauchly, J. Presper Eckert, Jr., and their colleagues at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania; their objective was an all-electronic computer. ENIAC was something less than the dream of a universal computer. Designed for the specific purpose of computing values for artillery range tables, it lacked some features that would have made it a more generally useful machine. It used plug boards for communicating instructions to the machine; this had the advantage that, once the instructions were thus “programmed,” the machine ran at electronic speed. Instructions read from a card reader or other slow mechanical device would not have been able to keep up with the all-electronic ENIAC. The disadvantage was that it took days to rewire the machine for each new problem. This was such a liability that only with some generosity could it be called programmable. Nevertheless, ENIAC was the most powerful calculating device built to date. It was the first programmable general-purpose electronic digital computer. This gave ENIAC a lot of flexibility and meant that, while it was built for a specific purpose, it could be used for a wider range of problems. ENIAC ran continuously (in part to extend tube life), generating 150 kilowatts of heat, and could execute up to 5,000 additions per second, several orders of magnitude faster than its electromechanical predecessors. It and subsequent computers employing vacuum tubes are known as first-generation computers. (With 1,500 mechanical relays, ENIAC was still transitional to later, fully electronic computers.) EDVAC EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was one of the earliest electronic computers. Unlike its predecessor the ENIAC, it was binary rather than decimal, and was a stored program computer. The EDVAC was a binary serial computer with automatic addition, subtraction, multiplication, programmed division and automatic checking with an ultrasonic serial memory capacity of 1,000 44-bit words (later set to 1,024 words, thus giving a memory, in modern terms, of 5.5 kilobytes). Physically, the computer comprised the following components:  A magnetic tape reader-recorder (Wilkes 1956:36 describes this as a wire recorder.)  A control unit with an oscilloscope  A dispatcher unit to receive instructions from the control and memory and direct them to other units  A computational unit to perform arithmetic operations on a pair of numbers at a time and send the result to memory after checking on a duplicate unit  A timer  A dual memory unit consisting of two sets of 64 mercury acoustic delay lines of eight words capacity on each line  Three temporary tanks each holding a single word EDVAC's addition time was 864 microseconds (about 1.16 kHz) and its multiplication time was 2900 microseconds (about 0.38 kHz). The computer had almost 6,000 vacuum tubes and 12,000 diodes, and consumed 56 kW of power. It covered 490 ft² (45.5 m²) of floor space and weighed 17,300 lb (7,850 kg). The full complement of operating personnel was thirty people per eight-hour shift. UNIVAC I The UNIVAC I (Universal Variable Automatic Computer I) was the second commercial computer produced in the United States. It was designed principally by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, the inventors of the ENIAC. Design work was started by their company, Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation, and was completed after the company had been acquired by Remington Rand (which later became part of Sperry, now Unisys). In the years before successor models of the UNIVAC I appeared, the machine was simply known as "the UNIVAC". The UNIVAC I was the first American computer designed at the outset for business and administrative use (i.e., for the fast execution of large numbers of relatively simple arithmetic and data transport operations, as opposed to the complex numerical calculations required by scientific computers). As such the UNIVAC competed directly against punch-card machines (mainly made by IBM). Oddly enough the UNIVAC originally could not read or punch cards, hindering sales to companies concerned about the high cost of manually converting large quantities of data on cards. This was corrected by adding offline card processing equipment, the UNIVAC Card to Tape converter and the UNIVAC Tape to Card converter, to transfer data between cards and UNIVAC magnetic tapes. However, the early market share of the UNIVAC I was lower than the Remington Rand Company wished. To promote sales, the company joined with CBS to have UNIVAC I predict the result of the 1952 Presidential election. UNIVAC I predicted Eisenhower would have a landslide victory over Adlai Stevenson who the pollsters favoured. The result was a greater public awareness of computing technology. EVALUATION 1. Who designed the UNIVAC 1? 2. What is the name of the company that designed UNIVAC and what was the machine formally called? 3. Briefly describe the twentieth century computers. 4. In two points, highlight the limitations of the ENIAC. 5. Discuss EDVAC and state two reasons why it is different from ENIAC. 6. Enumerate three components of EDVAC. SUB-TOPIC 2 DESKTOP PERSONAL COMPUTER A desktop computer is a personal computer in a form intended for regular use at a single location, as opposed to a mobile, laptop or portable computer. Early desktop computers are designed to lie flat on the desk, while modern towers stand upright. Most modern desktop computers have separate screens and keyboards. Prior to the widespread use of microprocessors, a computer that could fit on a desk was considered remarkably small. Early personal computers, like the IBM PC, were "desktop" machines, with a horizontally oriented computer case, usually intended to have the display screen placed on top to save space on the desktop. In modern usage the word "desktop" usually refers to tower cases that are in fact more often located on the floor under the desk than on a desk. Personal computers are also crucial component of Information Technology (IT) and play a key role in modern economies worldwide. The usefulness and capabilities of personal computers can be greatly enhanced by connection to the World Wide Web, as well as smaller networks that links to local computers or databases. It can also be used to access content stored on the Compact Disks (CDs), and to transfer files to personal media devices and video players. Personal computers are sometimes called microprocessors or micros. Powerful PCs designed for professional or technical use are known as work station. EVALUATION 1. What is a personal computer? 2. List three types of personal computers. Laptop Computer A laptop is a portable personal computer with a clamshell form factor, suitable for mobile use. A laptop has most of the same components as a desktop computer, including a display, a keyboard, a pointing device such as a touchpad (also known as a trackpad) and/or a pointing stick, and speakers into a single unit. A laptop is powered by mains electricity via an AC adapter, and can be used away from an outlet using a rechargeable battery. Laptops are also sometimes called notebook computers or notebooks. Other terms, such as ultra book or netbooks, refer to specific types of laptop / notebook. Most of the modern day laptop computers also have a webcam and a mic (microphone) pre-installed. Portable computers, originally monochrome CRT-based and developed into the modern laptops, were originally considered to be a small niche market, mostly for specialized field applications such as the military, accountants and sales representatives. As portable computers became smaller, lighter, cheaper, and more powerful and as screens became larger and of better quality, laptops became very widely used for a variety of purposes. Palmtop Computers Palmtop is a computer that has asmall screen and compressed keyboard and is sm all enough to be heldin the hand, often used as a personal organizer. A Handheld PC, or H/PC for short, is a computer built around a form factor which is smaller than any standard laptop computer. It is sometimes referred to as a Palmtop. The first handheld device compatible with desktop IBM personal computers of the time was the Atari Portfolio of 1989. Some Handheld PCs use Microsoft's Windows CE operating system, with the term also covering Windows CE devices released by the broader commercial market. The Handheld PC was a hardware design for PDA devices running Windows CE. It provides the appointment calendar functions usual for any PDA. The intent of Windows CE was to provide an environment for applications compatible with the Microsoft Windows operating system, on processors better suited to low-power operation in a portable device. Originally announced in 1996, the Handheld PC is distinct from its more recent counterparts such as the Palm-Size PC, Pocket PC, or Smartphone in that the specification provides for larger screen sizes as well as a keyboard.  Keyword Meaning Electro Systems or devices combining electrical and mechanical mechanical components to perform tasks, such as electric motors and automated machinery. Palmtop A small, portable computer that fits in your hand, used for tasks like scheduling and note-taking, popular before smartphones and tablets. Ultra book A slim, lightweight, high-performance laptop with long battery life, designed for portability and efficiency. EVALUATION 1. The twentieth century computers are mechanical and electro-mechanical devices, discuss briefly. 2. Discuss three types of personal computer. WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT Answer questions 1 to 5 in the text book (A Handbook on Computer Studies / ICT for Senior Secondary Schools, SS 1 by Niyi Adekolegan et al …Page 19) 1. Among the early computing device the twentieth century are______ except (a) Mark1 (b) ENIAC (c) EDVAC (d) laptop computer 2. Palmtop of also known as __________ (a) web cam (b) Handheld (c) touch screen (d) Notebook. 3. _________ is a personal computer in a form intended for regular use at a single location, as opposed to a mobile, laptop or portable computer (a) Notebook (b) laptop (c) desktop (d) Handheld. 4. _______ company designed the ENIAC and the UNIVAC 1 (a) Eckert– Mauchly Computer Corporation (b) Eckert–Mauchly Corporation (c) Mauchly Computer Corporation (d) Eckerty Computer Corporation 5. _______ is a portable personal computer with a clamshell form factor, suitable for mobile use (a) Desktop computer (b) Laptop Computer (c) Handheld PC (d) UNIVAC 1. 6. ______was binary rather than decimal, and was a stored program computer. (a) UNIVAC 1 (b) EDVAC (c) ENIAC (d) UNIVAC 7. Features, components and uses of ENIAC 8. Essay Questions: 1. Define a palmtop computer. 2. When and where was the ENIAC built? WEEK SEVEN TOPIC: NETWORKS AND THE EFFECTS OF USING THEM CONTENT: 1. Networks 2. Network Devices METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING: EXPLANATION METHOD REFERENCES: Text book: Information and communication Technology, Cambridge IGCSE 3rd Edition Pages 76 TO 97 STUDENTS ACTIVITIES Hands-On Activities: Practical tasks where students are shown HUB, Switch and CAT 6 cables for identification purpose, they are later ask to identify them from web shots as part of evaluation. NETWORKS Most computer systems are now connected together in some ways to form what is known as a Network. This ranges from basic school/home network of only a few computers to large networks such as the internet, which effectively allow any computer connected to it to communicate with any other similar device. NETWORK DEVICES Modem Modem means “modulator demodulator” and is a device that converts a computer digital signal into an analogue signal (i.e. modulates) for transmission over an existing telephone line. It also does the reverse process that is converts analogue signal from a telephone line into digital signals that the computer can process (demodulate) Hubs Hubs are hardware devices that can have a number of devices or computer connected to them. They are often used to connect together a number of devices to form a LAN. It main function is to receive data packet at one of its ports and broadcast it to every computer on the network. This essentially means that using a hub is not is not very secure or efficient method of data distribution Switches Switches are similar to hubs but are much more efficient in the way that they distribute data packets. As with hubs, they connect a number of devices or computers together to form a LAN. However, unlike a hub, the switch checks the data packet received and work out its destination address and sends the data to the appropriate computer, this is achieve through the MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL address (MAC Address) Bridge Bridges are devices that connect one LAN to another LAN that uses the same protocol (communication rules), they are often used to connect different LANs so that they can function as a single LAN Router Router enable data packets to be routed between different networks, for example to join a LAN to a wide area network (WAN). A router would typically have an internet cable plugged into it and several cables connecting to computers and other devices on the LAN Routers inspect the data packets sent to it from any computer on any of the network connected to it. Since every computer on has the same type of internet protocol (IP) address, the router is able to send the data packet to the appropriate switch and it will then be delivered using the MAC address. If the MAC address doesn’t match any device on the network, it will pass on to another switch on the same network until the appropriate device is found, Data Packets The data is carried in a packet according to the protocol (set of rules) used Packets of data usually contain the following  Some form of header to identify the data packets  The sender’s IP address  The receiver’s IP address  The number of data packets that make up the whole message  The identity number of each packet The above information allows the router to route a packet across a network to its correct destination and allows the data packet to be reassembled in their correct order according to identity number at the receiving station. When a router receives a packet of data, it checks the destination IP address against the routing table. The routing table stores the Mac address of the devices, the assigned IP addresses and the lease time the IP addresses are assigned for Keyword Meaning IP Address A unique number that identifies a device on a network and enables communication between devices over the internet or a local network. MAC Address A unique hardware identifier assigned to a device's network interface card, used for communication within a local network. Router A device that directs data between networks EVALUATION Answer Questions 1 and 3 Text book: Information and communication Technology, Cambridge IGCSE 3rd Edition Page 96 WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT Answer Questions 2, and 5 Text book: Information and communication Technology, Cambridge IGCSE 3rd Edition Page 96 WEEK EIGHT TOPIC: NETWORKS AND THE EFFECTS OF USING THEM CONTENT: 1. IP and MAC addresses 2. How to set up and configure a small network METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING: EXPLANATION METHOD REFERENCES: Text book: Information and communication Technology, Cambridge IGCSE 3rd Edition …………….. Pages 76 TO 97 STUDENTS ACTIVITIES Hands-On Activities: Practical tasks where students are given a HUB, Switch and CAT 6 cables to connect printer to Computer System IP AND MAC ADDRESSES Internet Protocol (IP) and Media Access Control (MAC) addresses Each device on the internet is given a unique address known as its internet protocol (IP) address, this is a 32 bit number that is usually written in this form 109.108.158.1 A home computer is given an IP address when it connects to the internet. This is assigned by the ISP and is unique for that particular internet session. The only IP that remain fairly unchanged are the web servers. An IP address can be used instead of typing in the full URL. For example , http://109.108.159.1 would take you straight to the device containing the web page corresponding to the address DIFFERENCES BETWEEN IP ADDRESSES AND MAC ADDRESSES A MAC address is a unique number that identifies a device connected to the internet What is the difference between IP addresses and MAC addresses? The IP address gives a location of devices on the internet, while the MAC address identifies devices connected to the internet HOW TO SET UP AND CONFIGURE A SMALL NETWORK Suppose you were asked to set up and configure a small network of 10 computers. You would need to consider the following points apart from all the hardware and software aspect.  Setting up an IP account if internet access is required  Setting up system (buying appropriate hardware, correctly configured to allow wireless connectivity)  If internet is reqiured, ensuring that a high speed broadband connection exist  Putting all the common software onto a server and also making sure that a network licence has been acquired so that all network users can make use of the software  Setting up priviledges so that each user can only access their own area or common shared area  Setting up network administrator privileges so that they can monitor network usage, change password etc EVALUATION Answer Question 5 Text book: Information and communication Technology, Cambridge IGCSE 3rd Edition Page 96 WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT Answer Question 7 and 9 Text book: Information and communication Technology, Cambridge IGCSE 3rd Edition Page 96 WEEK NINE TOPIC: PRACTICAL CONTENT: 1. Document Production METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING: DEMONSTRATION METHOD The Teacher demonstrate the techniques to produce and format a document, while the students follow. Material: 2022 IGCE OCT/NOV past question Task 1 WEEK TEN TOPIC: PRACTICAL CONTENT: 1. Document Production METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING: DEMONSTRATION METHOD The Teacher demonstrate the techniques to produce and format a document, while the students follow. Material: 2023 IGCE OCT/NOV past question Task 1