Computer Systems Tutorial PDF

TOPIC 2.0 COMPUTER SYSTEM Prepared by: Ts. Halimaton Sa’adiah Ariffin COMPUTER SKILL AND TECHNOLOGY TCL0052 TOPIC 2.0 COMPUTER SYSTEM Chapter Overview 2.2 Number System & 2.1 System...

TOPIC 2.0 COMPUTER SYSTEM Prepared by: Ts. Halimaton Sa’adiah Ariffin COMPUTER SKILL AND TECHNOLOGY TCL0052 TOPIC 2.0 COMPUTER SYSTEM Chapter Overview 2.2 Number System & 2.1 System Concept Representation 2.3 Information Coding 2.4 Logic Gate & Simple Scheme Logic Circuit TOPIC 1.1 SYSTEM CONCEPT Learning Outcomes At the end of this topic, students should be able to explain the operations involved in information processing cycle : input process output storage TOPIC 2.1 SYSTEM CONCEPT What is a computer? A computer is an electronic device that accepts input (data), processes data produces output (information). TOPIC 2.1 SYSTEM CONCEPT What is Computer System? A complete, working computer that includes operating system, software and hardware which are necessary to make the computer function TOPIC 2.1 SYSTEM CONCEPT Components of Computer System? Hardware Software Central Processing Unit System Software Input Devices Application Software Output Devices Device Storages TOPIC 2.1 SYSTEM CONCEPT Central Processing Unit (CPU) Also known as a brain of the computer. Hardware component of the computer that processes and controls the flow of information. CPU interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer. Contain 2 components – Control Unit and Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) TOPIC 2.1 SYSTEM CONCEPT Input Device Any hardware component that allows users to enter data and instructions into a computer. Examples Examples 1. Keyboards 3. Scanners and Reading on-screen devices built-in laptop bar code scanner keyboard keyboards reader 2. Pointing 4. Touch devices screen mouse touchpad touch input TOPIC 2.1 SYSTEM CONCEPT Input Device Examples Examples 7. Video 5. Pen input input graphics stylus digital video webcam tablet camera 6. Voice and 8. Biometric audio input input microphone voice recognition iris recognition fingerprint reader system TOPIC 2.1 SYSTEM CONCEPT Output Device Any hardware component that conveys information to people. Examples Examples 1. Display 3. Audio Output devices devices Monitor headphone speaker projector 2. Printers Ink-jet printers Impact printers TOPIC 2.1 SYSTEM CONCEPT Storage Device The hardware that records and/or retrieves items to and from storage media. Examples Examples 1. Hard Drives 3. Cloud Storage Hard disk SSDs 2. Portable Flash Memory 4. Optical Storage Disks CD DVD memory card thumb drive TOPIC 2.1 SYSTEM CONCEPT Information Processing Cycle A sequence of operations which work together repeatedly in a cycle. There are 4 stages in the information processing cycle :- Input Process Output Storage TOPIC 2.1 SYSTEM CONCEPT Information Processing Cycle 3. Computer 1. The process of 2. Computer sends/shows entering data into the transforming data into information to people computer. information. in a usable format. input process output 4. Saving the data, program or information for future use. storage TOPIC 2.1 SYSTEM CONCEPT A real world example:- Process of withdrawing money from ATM Hows ATM work? TOPIC 2.1 SYSTEM CONCEPT Explain how it works? Process of withdrawing money from ATM The system read the account information stored in the magnetic - card reader Input stripe at the back of an ATM/debit card. The system accept the type of transaction (withdrawal), personal - keypad identification number (PIN) and amount from user. System verify ATM card System verify pin number System determine transaction type Process System determine account type System determine amount to withdraw - processor System calculate balance System determine the notes require TOPIC 2.1 SYSTEM CONCEPT Explain how it works? Process of withdrawing money from ATM - cash dispenser Output System provide paper receipt of the transaction. System display messages. - - printer screen monitor Storage System record the transaction and update the balance. - hard drive TOPIC 2.1 SYSTEM CONCEPT Explain how it works? There are four main steps in information processing cycle. Explain what are the input, process, output and storage when you are given information 8 X 2 = 16 to be processed using a Windows Calculator. TOPIC 2.1 SYSTEM CONCEPT Operations/Events Activities Input Enter 8, 2 by using keyboard into the computer memory Process 8, 2 is being multiply by the processor Output Result of process, 16 is display on the screen Storage Data and result of multiplication 8 by 2 = 16 are kept in the memory for the future use TOPIC 2.1 SYSTEM CONCEPT Explain how it works? Zulkiflie is travelling from Bukit Jalil to Putrajaya. When he reaches the Putrajaya toll gate, Zulkiflie taps his Touch n Go card on the card reader. Identify two (2) activities for each operation in the Information Processing Cycle involved during that Touch n Go transaction at Putrajaya toll gate. TOPIC 2.1 SYSTEM CONCEPT Operations/Events Activities Input Tap Touch n Go card to the card reader / Scan Touch n Go card on the card reader The machine read data/read balance/read exit toll gate Process The machine verifying Touch n Go card/calculate balance/calculate amount to be paid The machine calculate amount to deduct/deduct amount paid Output Display balance/toll gate open on the screen Display error when balance in the Touch n Go card not enough on the screen Produce beep sound Storage The system store balance/store date and time/store exit toll gate location The system store history of transaction  TOPIC 2.2 NUMBER SYSTEM & REPRESENTATION Data Representation ❖ Presentation of data in such a manner so that a computer can process. It is called data representation. ❖ Computer can not process all form of data. Need to present in a form so that computer can understand ❖ It represents the off (0) and on (1). ❖ Two (2) ways to represent data in computer: ❖ Binary Digit (Bit) ❖ Byte TOPIC 2.2 NUMBER SYSTEM & REPRESENTATION Data Representation represents the off (0) and on (1) TOPIC 2.2 NUMBER SYSTEM & REPRESENTATION Bit (Binary Digit) ❖ The smallest unit of data a computer can process. ❖ Represents an electrical state (on or off) ❖ Bit 1 represents On ❖ Bit 0 represents Off. TOPIC 2.2 NUMBER SYSTEM & REPRESENTATION Byte ❖ Eight (8) bits that are grouped together as a unit. ❖ Represents a character such as a digit, a letter, a punctuation mark or any symbol in computer. ❖ 1 byte = 8 bits TOPIC 2.2 NUMBER SYSTEM & REPRESENTATION Difference between bit and byte Bit Byte The smallest unit of data that Eight (8) bits are grouped computer can process together as a unit TOPIC 2.2 NUMBER SYSTEM & REPRESENTATION Number System ❖ A collection of symbol or digit which collectively used to represent a numeric data. ❖ Set of values used to represent quantity ❖ Common number system: ❖ Decimal (Number Base 10) ❖ Binary (Number Base 2) ❖ Hexadecimal (Number Base 16). TOPIC 2.2 NUMBER SYSTEM & REPRESENTATION Number System Base Symbols used Binary 2 0,1 Octal 8 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Decimal 10 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 Hexadecimal 16 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F Where : A=10 B=11 C=12 D=13 E=14 F= 15 TOPIC 2.2 NUMBER SYSTEM & REPRESENTATION Decimal Number System ❖ A positional system of numeration that uses decimal digits and a base of ten. ❖ Familiar use in everyday life. ❖ Consists of numbers 0-9 ❖ Example: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12,…… ICT SKILL TST1122 TOPIC 2.2 NUMBER SYSTEM & REPRESENTATION Decimal Representation 61510 (615) represent the quantity of “six hundred and fifteen”. 102 101 100 Total 6 x 100 1 x 10 5x1 600 10 5 615 ICT SKILL TST1122 TOPIC 2.2 NUMBER SYSTEM & REPRESENTATION Binary Number System ❖ A method of representing numbers that has 2 as its base and uses only the digits 0 and 1. ❖ Bits 0 and 1 and are joined together to form binary numbers ❖ Example: ❖ 10102 ❖ 11002 ICT SKILL TST1122  Binary Representation 23 22 21 20 Decimal 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 1 3 0 1 0 0 4 0 1 0 1 5 0 1 1 0 6 0 1 1 1 7 1 0 0 0 8 1 0 0 1 9 1 0 1 0 10 1 0 1 1 11 ICT SKILL TST1122 Hexadecimal Number System ❖ A method of representing numbers that has 16 as its base and uses 16 symbols to represent values (0– 9, A – F). ❖ Advantages: ❖ It can represent binary values in a more compact and readable form, ❖ The conversion between the binary and the hexadecimal is very efficient. ❖ Example: ❖ 3AE16 ❖ 9B416 ICT SKILL TST1122  162 161 160 Binary Decimal Hexadecimal 0 0 1 0001 1 0 0 2 0010 2 Representation 0 0 3 0011 3 0 0 4 0100 4 0 0 5 0101 5 0 0 6 0110 6 0 0 7 0111 7 0 0 8 1000 8 0 0 9 1001 9 0 0 A 1010 10 0 0 B 1011 11 0 0 C 1100 12 0 0 D 1101 13 0 0 E 1110 14 0 0 F 1111 15 0 1 0 10000 16 0 1 1 10001 17 0 1 B 11011 27 1 0 0 100000000 256 ICT SKILL TST1122 Binary to Decimal conversion ❖ In binary number, the column weights (again from right to left) are as follows: (23) (22) (21) (20) 8 4 2 1 ICT SKILL TST1122 Binary to Decimal conversion ❖ Convert the binary number 101102 to decimal number Solution: 24 23 22 21 20 1 0 1 1 0 16 x 1 8x0 4x1 2x1 1x0 16 + 0+ 4+ 2+ 0 = 22 Hence 101102 = 22 ICT SKILL TST1122  Decimal to Binary conversion Solution ❖ Convert 18 in binary number form 2 18 2 9 ---- 0 2 4 ---- 1 Binary 2 2 ---- 0 number 2 1 ---- 0 0 ---- 1 Hence, 18 = 100102 ICT SKILL TST1122 TOPIC 2.3 INFORMATION CODING SCHEME TOPIC 2.3 INFORMATION CODING SCHEME Difference Coding Scheme ASCII EBCDIC UNICODE Use 8 bits to represent a Use 8 bits to represent a Use 16 bits to represent character character a character Can represent 256 Can represent 256 capable to represent characters (28 = 256) characters (28 = 256) 65,536 characters primarily used on Implemented in several primarily used on PC and mainframe and high end OS (Windows, Mac OS, server servers Linux) TOPIC 2.4 LOGIC GATE & SIMPLE LOGIC CIRCUIT Logical Operator Logic operations with any operations that manipulate Boolean values Boolean expression → an expression that return a Boolean data type Basic logical operators: AND OR NOT TOPIC 2.4 LOGIC GATE & SIMPLE LOGIC CIRCUIT Returns True (1) output when all of AND the inputs are True (1) Returns False (0) output when any @ all of the inputs are False (0) Boolean expressions: 1) 𝒀 = 𝑨𝑩 2) 𝒀 = 𝑨. 𝑩 Y equals to A AND B 3) 𝒀 = 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 TOPIC 2.4 LOGIC GATE & SIMPLE LOGIC CIRCUIT Assume A & B are inputs and Y is output, logical gate / symbol of AND logical operator: AND Truth table A B Y 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 TOPIC 2.4 LOGIC GATE & SIMPLE LOGIC CIRCUIT Return True (1) output when any of OR the inputs are True (1) Return False (0) output when all of the inputs are False (0) Boolean expressions: 1) 𝒀 = 𝑨 + 𝑩 Y equals to A OR B 2) 𝒀 = 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 TOPIC 2.4 LOGIC GATE & SIMPLE LOGIC CIRCUIT Assume A & B are inputs and Y is output, logical gate / symbol of OR logical OR operator: Truth table A B Y 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 2.4 LOGIC GATE AND SIMPLE LOGIC CIRCUIT NOT Changes one logic input to the NOT opposite output Returns True if its input is False Returns False if its input is True Assume A is input and Y is output, logical gate / symbol of NOT logical operator: 2.4 LOGIC GATE AND SIMPLE LOGIC CIRCUIT Boolean expressions: NOT 1) 𝒀 = ~ 𝑨 2) 𝒀 = ! 𝑨 Y equals to NOT A 3) 𝒀 = 𝑨ഥ Truth table: Input Output 1 0 0 1 TOPIC 2.4 LOGIC GATE & SIMPLE LOGIC CIRCUIT Combination of different logical operators NAND NOR XOR XNOR TOPIC 2.4 LOGIC GATE & SIMPLE LOGIC CIRCUIT Combination of AND and NOT gate NAND Produce True (1) output when any of the inputs are False (0). Produce False (0) output when all of the inputs are True (1). Boolean expressions: ✓ 𝒀 = ~ 𝑨𝑩 / 𝒀 = ! 𝑨𝑩 / Y = (𝑨𝑩) ✓ 𝒀 = ~ 𝑨. 𝑩 / 𝒀 = ! 𝑨. 𝑩 / Y = (𝑨. 𝑩) ✓ 𝒀 = ~ 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 /𝒀 = !( 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 /𝒀 = 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 TOPIC 2.4 NAND LOGIC GATE & SIMPLE LOGIC CIRCUIT Assume A & B are inputs and Y is output, logical gate / symbol: NAND or TOPIC 2.4 LOGIC GATE & SIMPLE LOGIC CIRCUIT Truth table: NAND A B A.B 𝒀 = 𝑨.𝑩 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 TOPIC 2.4 LOGIC GATE & SIMPLE LOGIC CIRCUIT NOR Combination of OR and NOT gate Produce True (1) output when all of the inputs are False (0) Produce False (0) output when any of the inputs are True (1) Boolean expressions: 1) 𝒀 = ! (𝑨 + 𝑩) / 𝒀 = 𝑨 + 𝑩 / 𝒀 = ~(𝑨 + 𝑩) 2) 𝒀 = ! (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) / 𝒀 = 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 / 𝒀 = ~(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) TOPIC 2.4 LOGIC GATE & SIMPLE LOGIC CIRCUIT NOR Assume A & B are inputs and Y is output, logical gate / symbol: or TOPIC 2.4 LOGIC GATE & SIMPLE LOGIC CIRCUIT NOR Truth table: A B A+B 𝒀 = 𝑨 + 𝑩 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 TOPIC 2.4 LOGIC GATE & SIMPLE LOGIC CIRCUIT Exclusive-OR gate / logical operation XOR Returns True (1) if any of its inputs differ Returns False (0) if all of its inputs are all the same Boolean expression: ✓ Y=A⊕B TOPIC 2.4 LOGIC GATE & SIMPLE LOGIC CIRCUIT Assume A & B are inputs and Y is XOR output, logical gate / symbol: Truth table A B Y=A⊕B 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 TOPIC 2.4 LOGIC GATE & SIMPLE LOGIC CIRCUIT Exclusive-NOR gate / logical XNOR operation Returns True (1) if all of its inputs are the same Returns False (0) if any of its inputs are differ Boolean expression: ✓ Y=𝑨 ⊕ 𝑩 TOPIC 2.4 LOGIC GATE & SIMPLE LOGIC CIRCUIT Assume A & B are inputs and Y is XNOR output, logical gate / symbol: Truth table A B Y=𝑨 ⊕ 𝑩 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 TOPIC 2.4 LOGIC GATE & SIMPLE LOGIC CIRCUIT SUMMARY BASIC LOGICAL OPERATORS Logical Operator Boolean Expression Symbol AND Y=A.B Y OR Y=A+B Y ഥ Y NOT Y=A  SUMMARY COMBINATION OF DIFFERENT LOGICAL OPERATORS Logical Operator Boolean Expression Symbol NAND Y = (𝑨𝑩) NOR Y = (𝑨 + 𝑩) XOR Y=A⊕B XNOR Y=𝑨 ⊕ 𝑩