Lecture 1.1 - Introduction.pptx

NATS1565: Plant Life, Human Life Angela Cope [email protected] Welcome to the Course! Syllabus and Course Outline can be found at the top of the eClass site. Required Textbook: Plants and Society, 9th Ed. Estelle Levetin & Karen McMahon McGraw Hill, New York. 2024. Available at the York University Book...

NATS1565: Plant Life, Human Life Angela Cope [email protected] Welcome to the Course! Syllabus and Course Outline can be found at the top of the eClass site. Required Textbook: Plants and Society, 9th Ed. Estelle Levetin & Karen McMahon McGraw Hill, New York. 2024. Available at the York University Bookstore or through Day1Digital (link on eClass) Assessment : COMPONENT GRADE VALUE QUIZZES 20% ASSIGNMENTS 40% TEST 1 20% TEST 2 20% Quizzes Late policy: late assignments will be penalized at the rate of 3 marks per day, up to a total of 30%. Unless you have previously negotiated an alternate deadline, after 10 days, you may no longer submit an assignment and a mark of zero is automatically applied. If you realize that you are not going to be able to submit an assignment in time, get in touch with me before the deadline for an accommodation. No accommodation request will be granted if it is made only after the penalty has been assigned. There are 5 quizzes total in the course. The top 4 will count toward your final mark. Midterm And Final Test: Test 1 and Test 2 are in-person and take place during regular class time Assignments The three linked Assignments (1 – 5%, 2 – 15%, 3 – 20%) are formative and summative assessments based on the application of course material to real life. Quizzes There are 5 quizzes total in the course. The quizzes will be multiple choice and completed on eClass. For each quiz you have one week to complete it. The top 4 quizzes will be used to tabulate your total quiz mark in the course. This means that if you miss a quiz, there is no need to worry, as only the top 4 quizzes will be used for your total quiz mark. Quiz # Grade Value 1 Topics Opens Closes 5% Week 1 & 2 Jan 15, 7:00pm Jan 22 11:59pm 2 5% Week 3 & 4 Jan 29, 7:00pm Feb 5 11:59pm 3 5% Week 5 & 7 Feb 26 7:00pm Mar 4 11:59pm 4 5% Week 8 & 9 Mar 11 7:00pm Mar 18 11:59pm 5 5% Week 10 & 11 Mar 25 7:00pm April 1 11:59pm Assignments The three linked Assignments (1 – 5%, 2 – 15%, 3 – 20%) are formative and summative assessments based on the application of course material to real life. In assignment 1 (due Jan 15), you will submit a description and photograph of a plant that is significant to you. This can be a food or drink item that you enjoy, a plant that you keep as a houseplant, or your favourite flower or tree. Then you will apply the knowledge you gained about plant biology in weeks 1-4 in Assignment 2 (due Feb 5). Finally, you will write about the history, cultural significance, economic importance, biodiversity, and importance to human society of your plant in Assignment 3 (due Mar 25). Midterm And Final Test: Test 1 and Test 2 are inperson and take place during regular class time. Each test consists of 50 multiple-choice questions and is designed to take approximately 60 minutes, but you will have 90 minutes to complete it. MANDATORY ACADEMIC INTEGRITY TUTORIAL: https://spark.library.yorku.ca/acad emic-integrity-what-is-academic-in tegrity/ You MUST complete the ACADEMIC INTEGRITY QUIZ on eClass and achieve 100% before you are able to access the rest of the course. You have ONE WEEK to do so. There are unlimited attempts, and there are no marks associated with the quiz. It will also be covered in your first tutorial. Class Representative(s): What is a class representative? As a class representative, you will be responsible to serve as a liaison between students in the course and the instructor(s), tutors and the Division of Natural Science. Thus, the class representative helps facilitate communication between individuals associated with the course. What are the responsibilities of a class representative? o Complete the online training o Engage/interact with your classmates virtually o Arrange virtual study sessions (one per major test) for your fellow classmates o Provide feedback to the Division of Natural Science o Fill out the checklist and document all the work you have done throughout the course Class Representative Cont’d Benefits of Being a Class Representative: There are several benefits of being a class representative: o Satisfaction from helping students excel in their course; o The opportunity to network with professors; o Improve your communication and interpersonal skills; o Gain experience working with students; o It is a great reference for your resume (for any job/school application); o A reference letter (upon request) from the NATS-AID iClicker Test: Please take a moment to set up your iClicker now. The link is on eClass, or go to this link: https://join.iclicker.com/RLQH After you’ve done that, answer this question: 1. Plants provide most of the calories and protein for the human diet. a)True b)False Plants and People Human necessities: Food Clothing Shelter Fuel Plants are involved in all of these. 11 Plants Provide Food All animals require food. Directly or indirectly, plants are the source of virtually all food. Photosynthesis is the key. 12 Plants Are Producers Photosynthesis: Plants use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars. Plants are producers in the food chain. Producers → Primary Consumers → Secondary Consumers Plants → People (primary consumer) Plants → Chicken → People (secondary consumer) Oxygen is given off as a by-product of photosynthesis. It is Earth's only continuous supply of oxygen. 13 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA- This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Plants Support and Enhance Life Beyond Food Plants supply: This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND Fiber for clothing, other fabrics, and rope, Lumber for homes, furniture, and paper, This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Wood and other materials for fuel, Beverages, medicines, and cosmetics. 14 Flowering Plants: There are many different types of plants. Angiosperms, or flowering plants, are the most abundant and diverse plants. Angiosperms are the most economically important plants. Focus of the course. 15 Angiosperms Over 350,000 known species of angiosperms Supply an overwhelming diversity of products utilized by society Wheat, rice and corn (food staples of civilization) are all angiosperms Other products: fiber and cloth, hardwood, herbs and spices, beverages, drugs, perfumes, vegetable oils, gums, and rubber 16 Angiosperm Characteristics Flowers: Consists of four whorls of parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. Stamens and carpels are the sexual reproductive structures. Fruits: Develop from the carpel Access the text alternative for these images 17 Types of Angiosperms Two groups of angiosperms based on structural and anatomical differences: Monocots: Familiar monocots: lilies, grasses, palms, and orchids Dicots: Familiar dicots: geraniums, roses, tomatoes, dandelions, and most broadleaved 18 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY- Non-flowering plants Several distinct groups: Green algae Mosses Ferns Gymnosperms reproduce by seeds like angiosperms. Seeds produced in cones Conifers important source of wood for construction, fuel, and paper 19 Algae Diverse photosynthetic organisms in marine and freshwater habitats: Base of aquatic food chains Range from microscopic organisms to large seaweeds Classified in several kingdoms Used by people as food and food additives Algal blooms: Mandy Lindeberg, NOAA/NMFS/AKFSC Often due to nutrient runoff Increasing in recent decades Toxic blooms often result in 20 Fungi Diverse non-photosynthetic organisms Include molds, mildews, yeasts, and mushrooms: Once considered simple plants. Today classified in other kingdoms. Thread-like bodies called mycelium Reproduce by spores Henri Koskinen/Alamy Stock Photo 21 Fungi: Second only to the angiosperms in economic importance. Fungi provide beneficial items: This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Penicillin, edible mushrooms Through fermentation: Beer, wine, cheese, and leavened bread This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Ecologically fungi are important in decomposition. A negative aspect of their economic importance is the impact of fungal disease and spoilage. The most serious diseases of our 22 crop plants are caused by fungi Fundamental Properties of Life: Living organisms share certain fundamental properties common to all life: Growth and Reproduction Ability to Respond Ability to Evolve and Adapt Metabolism Organized Structure Organic Composition 23 Growth and Reproduction: Living organisms have the capacity to grow and reproduce. Growth is an irreversible increase in size. The ability to reproduce, produce new individuals, is common to all life. Reproduction can be sexual, involving the fusion of sperm and egg to produce a zygote. Or reproduction can be asexual, in which the offspring are genetic clones of a single parent. 24 Ability to Respond: The environment is always changing. Living organisms can respond to these changes. Responses can be obvious. Stems growing toward the light Animals hibernating for winter Responses can be subtle. Changes in composition of leaves 25 Field of Sunflowers Tracking the Sun Pixtal/AGE Fotostock 26 Ability to Evolve and Adapt: All life constantly changes or evolves. This process has been going on for billions of years as evidenced by the fossil record. Sometimes changes promote survival because the changed species is better adapted to its environment. 27 Metabolism: Metabolism is the sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in living organisms. Two of the most important metabolic reactions are cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Cellular respiration occurs in all living organisms where food (glucose) is chemically broken down to release energy. Photosynthesis occurs in green plants, algae, and some bacteria photosynthetic organisms utilize solar energy to manufacture sugars. 28 Organized Structure: Cells are the basic structure of life. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. Unicellular organisms and large multicellular organisms, all show a high degree of organization and coordination. Two cell types occur: Prokaryotic (bacteria) Eukaryotic (plants, animals, and fungi) 29 Prokaryotic Cells Primitive cells No organized nucleus No obvious membrane-bound organelles Hereditary material present Can carry out activities of life Internal membranes in photosynthetic bacteria as seen in this photo Estelle Levetin Access the text alternative for these images 30 Eukaryotic Cells Hereditary material is contained within a clearly visible nucleus. Metabolic activities are compartmentalized into membrane-bound organelles Plant cell shown here has numerous chloroplasts. More information on chloroplasts and other organelles will be covered later. Access the text alternative for these images Estelle Levetin 31 Living organisms mainly Organic* Composition composed of four types of compounds. Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids These four types of compounds are based on the element carbon and often called the molecules of life. Many are macromolecules, large molecules composed on many smaller molecules. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids also constitute the major nutrients in the human diet. 32 Carbohydrates Composed of elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C, H, O). Examples: sugars, starches, and cellulose. Classified by the number of single sugar units: Monosaccharides – single sugar molecule Disaccharides – two sugar molecules bonded together Polysaccharides – many sugar molecules bonded together Carbohydrate functions: Sources of energy for cells, especially glucose Structural materials for cells, especially cellulose 33 Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur Large, complex macromolecules composed of amino acids Amino acids: 20 different amino acids Have a common backbone with a nitrogen atom and two carbon atoms (N-C-C) Differ in the side group (Rgroup) attached to the central C atom Number and arrangement of amino acids result in an infinite variety of proteins Proteins 34 Amino Acids Access the text alternative for these images 35 Proteins have many roles including: Enzymes (biological catalysts) Structural molecules Regulatory molecules Transport molecules Storage molecules Plant proteins, especially in legumes, important nutrients for human diet Protein functions: 36 Lipids (fats): Diverse compounds: Largely composed of carbon and hydrogen Small amounts of oxygen occur in some lipids Insoluble in water Types of lipids: Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids Waxes 37 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY- Triglycerides Triglycerides: fats and oils Form from glycerol and 3 fatty acids Food reserves and sources of energy Fats Energy reserves in animals Oils Storage products in certain seeds and fruits 38 Nucleic Acids D N A: Deoxyribonucleic acid R N A: Ribonucleic acid Nucleic acids are composed of repeating units called nucleotides. Nucleotides contain: A sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose) Ribose in R N A Deoxyribose in D N A A phosphate group A nitrogenous base (either a purine or a pyrimidine) 39 TEN MINUTE BREAK! Take this time to get up, stretch, and move around, or to complete your Academic Integrity Quiz if you haven’t yet done so. Remember that you have to achieve 100% on the Academic Integrity Quiz to be able to open the rest of the course.