Internet of Things (IoT) Lecture Notes PDF

Internet of Thing CST2590 Designing and Developing Products for the Internet of thing (IoT)  Module Aim The aim of the module is to equip learners with the knowledge and skills required for the design and development of the Internet of Thin...

Internet of Thing CST2590 Designing and Developing Products for the Internet of thing (IoT)  Module Aim The aim of the module is to equip learners with the knowledge and skills required for the design and development of the Internet of Thing (IoT) systems, including its architecture, applications, technologies on each layer, and IoT-specific data processing and analytics frameworks including cloud technologies. 2  Assessment Weighting Coursework (no examination) 100% Summative Assessment Scheme a) Seminars 25% Multiple Choice Questions (Class Test- Quizzes) (LO-1-7) b) Project Report 75% Technical report on a select topic. (25% individual project viva and 50% group project submission) (3000 -4000 words max.)] - 75% (LO-1-8) 3 Designing and Developing Products for the Internet of thing (IoT) 4  Outlines Why We Need IoT? What is IoT? Evolution of Technology (IoT). Future of IoT. Building Blocks of IoT Layers of IoT systems Application of IoT Challenges of IoT Discussion 5  Why We Need Internet of Things? We want to; Receive, use and manipulate more data Control most of the stuff Make things function automatically Make everything goes faster Make everything perform better Interact, Contribute and Collaborate 6  Internet of things (IoT) IoT is defined as a network of items each embedded with sensors which are connected to the Internet. (IEEE) IoT is defined as a world-wide network of interconnected objects uniquely addressable, based on standard communication protocols. (IETF) In complete, Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances, and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity which enables these to connect and exchange data, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based systems, resulting in efficiency improvements, economic benefits, and reduced human exertions.  The Need of Technology Evolution with Internet Efficient, resource Utilization Minimize human efforts Save time Development of IA through IoT Improve Security 9 Evolution of Technology with Internet 10  So what is IoE? The Internet of Everything (IoE) is a concept that extends the Internet of Things (IoT) and emphasis on machine-to-machine (M2M) communications to describe a more complex system involving people and processes. In short, internet of everything (IoE) is related to different types of appliances, devices and items connected to the global internet. 11  Machine to Machine Communication (M2M) Data communication among the physical things which do not need human interaction. Examples: Data communication between things and a server. Thing to thing communication either directly or over a network. 12  Future IoT Market Value Future Application of IoT Gartner 2019 13 Global Scenario of IoT Market 14  Building blocks of IoT Cloud Based Application and Storage Connectivity Gateways / Local Processing Nodes End Devices / Nodes 15 1. Building blocks of IoT… Cont. End Devices / Nodes Sensors RFID Tags Actuators 16  2. Building blocks of IoT… Cont. Gateways / Local Processing Unit Middleware Signal Receivers GPS systems Transceivers 17  3. Building blocks of IoT…Cont. Network (Connectivity) WiFi Blue Tooth Z-wave ZigBee Lte LoRa 18  4. Building blocks of IoT…Cont. Cloud based IoT Application and Storage Health Transport Agriculture Industrial Smart City 19 Layers of IoT 20  Layers of IoT Perception Layer: IoT devices are equipped with embedded sensors, actuators, processors, and transceivers. IoT is not a single technology; rather it is a collection of various technologies that work together in tandem. Sensors and actuators are devices, which help in interacting with the physical environment. The data collected by the sensors must be stored and processed intelligently in order to derive useful inferences from it. An actuator is a device that is used to effect a change in the environment such as the temperature controller of an air conditioner. Transmission Layer: The transport layer transfers the sensor data from the perception layer to the processing layer and vice versa through networks such as wireless, 3G, LAN, Bluetooth, RFID, and NFC. In short, this layer is responsible for connecting to other smart things, network devices, and servers. Its features are also used for transmitting and processing sensor data.  Layers of IoT Middle Layer: The processing layer is also known as the middleware layer. It stores, analyses, and processes huge amounts of data that comes from the transport layer. It can manage and provide a diverse set of services to the lower layers. It employs many technologies such as databases, cloud computing, and big data processing modules. Application Layer: The application layer is responsible for delivering application specific services to the user. It defines various applications in which the Internet of Things can be deployed, for example, smart homes, smart cities, and smart health. Business Layer The business layer manages the whole IoT system, including applications, business and profit models, and users’ privacy. The business layer is out of the scope of this paper. Hence, we do not discuss it further Applications of IoT 23 Sensor Application Source: Liu Xuyang: researchgate.net 24 IoT in Health 25 IoT in Health… Cont. 26 IoT in Agriculture 27  IoT in Agriculture Smart farming is an often overlooked in IoT applications. However, because the number of farming operations is usually remote and the large number of livestock that farmers work on, all of this can be monitored by the Internet of Things and can revolutionize the way farmers operate day to day. But, this idea is yet to reach a large-scale attention. Nevertheless, it still remains one of the IoT applications that should not be underestimated. Smart farming has the potential to become an important application field, specifically in the agricultural-product exporting countries. IoT in Agriculture… Cont. 29 IoT in Education 30  IoT-powered smart classrooms will become a reality in the near future. Smart classrooms can incorporate several IoT sensors and gadgets to improve the quality of education. For instance, wearables can help determine whether students are tired and disengaged in the classroom. Based on this data, teachers may decide to take a short break or reschedule the lecture. The advent of IoT in education will also lead to the development of IoT-powered whiteboards. These whiteboards can be connected to a computer and provide an interactive display that can be operated with a finger, pen, or stylus. Such whiteboards will also record all the notes taken in a class. Additionally, classrooms can include smart microphones that can understand when a professor is announcing homework assignments and make updates to students’ planners based on the due date. With the advent of IoT in education, professors can implement automated attendance tracking. IoT devices such as wearables can be used to detect students in a classroom and notify parents in case a student is absent. With the help of these devices, educators can see how many students are attending their class using their smartphones. These IoT solutions can also be integrated with internal systems to update attendance logs in real-time. With this approach, educators can automatically maintain attendance logs, eliminating any odds of introducing human error. IoT in Education…Cont. 32 IoT in Traffic 33  IoT in Traffic Connected car technology is a vast and an extensive network of multiple sensors, antennas, embedded software, and technologies that assist in communication to navigate in our complex world. It has the responsibility of making decisions with consistency, accuracy, and speed. It also has to be reliable. These requirements will become even more critical when humans give up control of the steering wheel and brakes to the autonomous vehicles that are being tested on our highways right now. Now, considering this is a smart traffic system, it quickly learns and predicts patterns in traffic, with the use of Machine Learning. The smart system can, thus, analyze the situation, predict its impact and relay the information to other cities that connect to the same highway via their own respective smart systems. The Traffic Management System can analyze data acquired and derive routes around the project to avoid bottlenecks. The system could also convey live instructions to drivers through smart devices and radio channels. Meanwhile, the city schools and workplaces near the project could also be called to adjust their schedules. IoT in Traffic…Cont. 35 IoT in Smart Home 36  IoT in Smart Home Whenever we think of IoT systems, the most important and efficient application that stands out is the smart home, ranking the highest IoT applications in all channels. At present, we can control and monitor all our households devices remotely. The number of people searching for smart homes increases every month by about 60,000 people. Another interesting thing is that the database of smart homes for IoT analytics includes 256 companies and startups. More companies are now actively involved in smart homes, as well as similar applications in the field. Smart devices in our home comprises of Smart plugs, Smart Bulbs, Smart door lock, etc. IoT in Retails 38  IoT in Retails Retailers have started adopting IoT solutions and using IoT embedded systems across a number of applications that improve store operations, increasing purchases, reducing theft, enabling inventory management, and enhancing the consumer’s shopping experience. Through IoT physical retailers can compete against online challengers more strongly. They can regain their lost market share and attract consumers into the store, thus making it easier for them to buy more while saving money. IoT in Smart Cities 40  IoT in Smart Cities Smart cities, like its name suggests, is a big innovation and spans a wide variety of use cases, from water distribution and traffic management to waste management and environmental monitoring. The reason why it is so popular is that it tries to remove the discomfort and problems of people who live in cities. IoT solutions offered in the smart city sector solve various city-related problems, comprising of traffic, reducing air and noise pollution, and helping to make cities safer. IoT Based Waste Collection 42  Challenges of IoT Interoperability McKinsey market analysis, 40% to 60% of the total values lies on our ability to achieve interoperability between different IoT systems. Variety of Vendors or Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEMs) create problems to maintain Interoperability for systems i.e. not all machines need adv. sensors as well as its compatibility with other devices. Security: Data Encryption and Key Management Security; 20 billion connected devices at present , and to connect all the devices involves a lot of security risks and not just complexity. (Gartner report 2019) Authentication; Bringing along a large number of connected devices on one platform needs formalization and system architecture that can identify and authenticate those devices. 43  Challenges of IoT… Cont. Integration Issues Lack of proper integration could lead to abnormalities in functions and efficiency to deliver value to the customers. “Through 2018, half the cost of implementing IoT solutions will be spent integrating various IoT components with each other and back-end systems. It is vital to understand integration is a crucial IoT competency.” (Benoit Lheureux; Gartner Vice President R& D) Connectivity Inmarsat revealed that 24% faced issues in connectivity in IoT deployment, Internet availability, speed etc. Companies; logistics, Gas & Oil needs robust network, high speed good performance to run daily activities despite of geographical distance. 44  Challenges of IoT… Cont. Data Conversion: Handling Un-structured Data. Exponential increase of connected devices will create unstructured volume, velocity and variety of data, thus difficulty to distinguish valuable data by organisations. 80% of today’s data is unstructured data and so the data cannot be stored in SQL format. The unstructured data is stored in NoSQL format makes retrieval of data a bit complex. (Hadoop & Casandra 2019) Greening of IoT The network energy consumption is increasing at a very high rate due to an increase in data rates, an increase in the number of Internet-enabled services and rapid growth of Internet-connected edge-devices. Future IoT will cause a significant increase in network energy consumption. Thus, green technologies need to be adopted to make network devices as energy efficient as possible. 45  Challenges of IoT… Cont. Privacy Issues By 2020, 25% of cyber attacks will target IoT devices. Ransomware attacks have changed the corporate confidence through; Malware infiltration: 24% Phishing attacks: 24% Social engineering attacks: 18% Device misconfiguration issues: 11% Privilege escalation: 9% Credential theft:6% 54% IoT device owners do not use any third party security tool and 35% out of these do not even change default password on their devices Quality of Service Network Issues (Traffic Congestion) 46 Practical on 3rd Week We will learn the pins information on Arduino. We will program Arduino to blink LED. 47  More Reading Khan, Y. J., Yuce, M.R. , (2019) Internet of Things (IoT): Systems and Applications, Jenny Stanford Publishing; 1 edition, ISBN: 978-9814800297. Waher, P. (2016), IoT: Building Arduino-Based Projects, ISBN: 978-1787120631. Pulver, T. (2019), Hands-On Internet of Things with MQTT: Build connected IoT devices with Arduino and MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT), Packt Publishing; 1 edition. 48 Questions ! 49