Internet of Things - CST2590

Internet of Things (IoT) - CST2590

• The module aims to teach learners the knowledge and skills needed for designing and developing IoT systems, including architecture, applications, technologies on each layer, and IoT-specific data processing/analytics frameworks (including cloud technologies).

Assessment

• Coursework: 100% Summative (no examination)
  • Seminars: 25% (Multiple Choice Questions - Class Test-Quizzes) (LO-1-7)
  • Project Report: 75% (Technical report on a selected topic) (25% individual project viva, 50% group project submission) (3,000-4,000 words max.) (LO-1-8)

Module Outlines

• Why is IoT needed?
• What is IoT?
• Evolution of IoT technology
• Future of IoT
• Building blocks of IoT
• Layers of IoT systems
• Applications of IoT
• Challenges of IoT
• Discussion

Why IoT is Needed

• Receive, use and manipulate more data
• Control most of the "stuff"
• Make things function automatically
• Make everything go faster
• Make everything perform better
• Interact, contribute and collaborate

Advantages and Disadvantages of IoT

• Advantages:
  • Minimizes human work and effort
  • Saves time and effort
  • Improved security in homes and offices
  • Good for personal safety and security
  • Useful in traffic and other tracking/monitoring systems
  • Beneficial for the healthcare industry
  • Reduced use of many electronic devices
• Disadvantages:
  • Increased privacy concerns
  • Increased unemployment rates
  • Highly dependent on the internet
  • Lack of mental and physical activity leading to health issues
  • Complex system for maintenance
  • Lack of security
  • Absence of international standards for better communication

Definition of IoT

• IoT is defined as a network of items each embedded with sensors that are connected to the Internet (IEEE).
• IoT is a worldwide network of interconnected objects uniquely addressable based on standard communication protocols (IETF).
• IoT encompasses physical devices, vehicles, home appliances, electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity. It allows these items to connect and exchange data, creating opportunities for direct integration of the physical world into computer-based systems.

Need of Technology Evolution with Internet

• Efficient resource utilization
• Minimize human efforts
• Save time
• Develop IA through IoT
• Improve security

Evolution of Technology with Internet

• A table outlining the evolution, showing different stages of internet development from 'Human to Human' to 'Machine to Machine' and the technologies associated with each stage. This includes e-mail, information technology, entertainment, productivity, e-commerce, skype, facebook, youtube, identification, tracking, monitoring, metering, and semantically structured data.

What is IoE?

• Internet of Everything (IoE) is a concept that extends Internet of Things (IoT) and emphasizes machine-to-machine (M2M) communications to describe a more complex system involving people and processes.
• IoE is related to various appliances, devices, and items connected to the global internet.

Machine-to-Machine Communication (M2M)

• Data communication among physical things that do not require human interaction.
• Examples include data communication between things and a server, and thing-to-thing communication either directly or over a network.

Future IoT Market Value

• Estimated $14.4 trillion global IoT market value by 2022.
• Specific values are listed for improved customer experience, reduced time to market, reduced costs, and increased employee productivity.

Building Blocks of loT

• Cloud-based application & Storage
• Connectivity
• Gateways/Local Processing Nodes
• End devices/Nodes
• Applications
• Sensors
• RFID Tags
• Actuators
• Gateways/Local Processing Unit
• Middleware
• Signal Receivers
• GPS systems
• Transceivers
• Wifi
• Bluetooth
• Z-wave
• ZigBee
• LTE
• LoRa

Cloud-Based IoT Application and Storage

• Health
• Transport
• Industrial automation
• Agriculture
• Smart Cities

Layers of IoT

• Perception Layer: Embedded sensors, actuators, processors, and transceivers in IoT devices.
• Transmission Layer: Transfers sensor data to the processing layer. Methods like wireless, 3G, LAN, bluetooth, RFID, and NFC are used.
• Middle Layer (or Middleware Layer): Processes and analyzes data from the transport layer, using technologies like databases, cloud computing, and big data processing modules.
• Application Layer: Delivers application-specific services to users, such as smart homes, cities, and healthcare.
• Business Layer: Manages the entire IoT system, including applications, business models, and user privacy.

Applications of IoT

• Building automation
• Smart cities
• eHealth
• Transportation
• Industrial automation
• Smart metering
• Logistics
• Remote Monitoring

IoT in Health

• Remote health monitoring including heart rate, respiratory rate, and motion monitoring using technology like GPS.

IoT in Agriculture

• Crops and soil monitoring
• Weather monitoring
• Air monitoring
• Data acquisition from sensors and real-time data monitoring.

IoT in Education

• Smart attendance systems for schools using RFID tags,
• Smart whiteboards connected to computers offering educational advantages.

IoT in Traffic

• Connected car technology enables more reliable, accurate, and speedy data acquisition in complex road systems.
• Smart traffic systems can predict traffic patterns through machine learning enabling more effective road management solutions.

IoT in Smart Homes

• Control and monitoring of household devices remotely.
• Smart devices in the home with a smart hub and a cloud service.

IoT in Retail

• Retailers are adopting IoT solutions for increased purchases, reduced theft, optimized inventory management, and enhanced customer shopping experiences.
• Smart shelves, robots for assistance, and automated checkout are examples of applications.

IoT in Smart Cities

• Smart cities integrate various IoT applications for improved efficiency and safety.
• Applications in traffic management, public safety, gas/water leaks, environmental management, transportation, intelligent shopping, and smart homes.

IoT in Waste Management

• Sensors monitor waste levels in containers for optimal waste collection, reduce cost, carbon, risk of fire/safety.

Challenges of loT

• Interoperability: Difficulty in achieving compatibility between different IoT systems from various vendors.
• Security: Data encryption and key management are crucial because there are risks of data breaches from connected devices.
• Integration Issues: Effective integration of components for smooth functioning and delivering value to customers.
• Connectivity: Issues in connectivity from geographical locations, Internet availability, and speed.
• Data Conversion: Handling unstructured data generated by increasing numbers of connected devices.
• Privacy Issues: Cyber security risks from IoT devices due to possible malware infiltration, phishing, social engineering, devices misconfiguration issues.
• Quality of Service: Network Issues (Traffic Congestion)

Practical 3rd Week

• Learning pin information on Arduino boards,
• Programming Arduino to blink LEDs.

More Reading

• List of books/articles for further learning and studying about the Internet of Things (IoT). These books/articles cover different topics related to IoT, systems, applications, building projects, and technologies.