Lecture 1 - Introduction to Transportation Engineering PDF

REVIEWER FOR TRANSPORTATION Human Resources ENGINEERING o vehicle operators o railroad engineers o maintenance and construction LE...

REVIEWER FOR TRANSPORTATION Human Resources ENGINEERING o vehicle operators o railroad engineers o maintenance and construction LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTION TO workers TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING o transportation managers o professionals who use Transportation - is the movement of goods and knowledge and information to people from one place to another. advance the transportation - It is also Safe, Efficient, Reliable, and enterprise Sustainable movement of people and Operating Rules goods over time and space. o schedules - define the arrival Transportation engineering - is a part of civil and departure times of engineering which focuses on the transportation vehicles at the Infrastructure of Transportation and its different transportation terminals Elements, which support the movement of and stations goods and people. o crew assignment- involves - It is the application of scientific assigning operators to the principles to the planning, design, different vehicles operation, and management of o connection patterns- refer to transportation systems. how service is organized over the transportation system or network Transportation System of a Nation consists of: MAJOR DISCIPLINES OF TRANSPORTATION - aggregation of vehicles - guide ways Transportation Planning - terminals ▪ essentially involves the - control systems that move freight and development of a passengers from one place to the other. transport model ,that will COMPONENTS OF TRANSPORTATION accurately represent both SYSTEM the current as well as the future transportation Physical Components system. o infrastructure Geometric Designs o vehicles o equipment ▪ deals with physical o control, communications, and proportioning of location systems. transportation facilities ▪ include the cross- sectional features, horizontal alignment, vertical alignment and intersections.  Pavement Analysis and Design o Environmental - Clean air and sustainability ▪ deals with the structural o Movement – Mobility design of roads both bituminous (flexible TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS pavements) and concrete - is categorized into four major (rigid pavements). subsystems based on the medium on ▪ deals with the design of which the flow elements are supported. paving materials, o Land Transportation determination of the layer ▪ Highway or road transport thickness, and system construction and ▪ Railway transport system maintenance procedures o Air (Flying) Services Traffic Engineering Transportaion ▪ Domestic ▪ covers a broad range of ▪ International engineering applications o Water Transportation with a focus on the safety ▪ Inland (rivers or seas) of the public, the efficient ▪ Coastal use of transportation ▪ Ocean resources, and the o Pipelines mobility of people and ▪ Oil goods. ▪ Gas ▪ involves a variety of ▪ Other engineering and management skills, ROAD TRANSPORT including design, - An Identifiable Route/Path Which operation, and system Connects Two or More Places. optimization. - Roads are Typically Smoothed, Paved or The roles of a traffic engineer are: Otherwise Prepared to Allow Easy Travel. o To protect the environment while - It is Main Mode of Transport Out of all providing mobility and assuring Modes economic activity o To assure safety and security to people and vehicles, through both acceptable practices and high-tech communications. Solution to Transportation Problem must be: o Safe - public safety o Rapid - time value and customer service o Comfortable/convenient - Level of service o Economical - Social cost RAIL TRANPORT Disadvantages - Train Runs Along A Two Parallel Steel o The depth and navigability of Rails, Known As Railway Or Railroad rivers and canals vary and thus - Principal Carrier Of Freight In Land affect operation of different - Transports Heavy Goods For Long transport vessels Distance (>300km) o It is slow moving mode of - Categories Of Railway transport and therefore not o Truck Routes suitable for transport of o Main Line perishable goods. o Branch Line AIR TRANSPORTATION - Types Of Railway o Surface Advantages o Underground o It is the fastest mode of o Elevated transport. - Types Of Locomotives o It is very useful in transporting o Diesel goods and passengers to areas o Electric which are not accessible by any other means. o It provides vital support to the national security and defense. o It is the most convenient mode of transport during natural disaster. Disadvantages o It is relatively more expensive mode of transport o It is not suitable by adverse weather condition WATER TRANSPORTATION o It is not suitable for short Advantages distance travel o In case of accidents, it results in o It is relatively economical mode heavy losses of goods, property of transport for bulk and heavy and life goods. o It is safe mode of transport with FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSPORTATION respect to occurrence of - ECONOMIC FACTORS accidents. o The chief pre-occupation of the o The cost of maintaining and first human was the procurement construction routes is very low of food, shelter and sometimes most of them are naturally made. clothing. o It promotes international trade. o As they become more highly developed their needs increased, often beyond what their local economy could supply.  o Means of transporting goods - COMPETITION from distant places had to be o The competitive advise have devised, adding to the costs of given a powerful impetus to the goods there by secured. transport development. o The need for transporting o Railroads compete with trucks, individuals over wider areas also barges, pipelines and airlines. arose. o Airlines have counted heavily on speed but have also been forced - GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS to greater safety and o The geographical location of dependability to meet ground natural resources determines the transport competition. transport routes that gives o Bituminous material competes access to those resources and with concrete as the road create economic utility, surface. o That is, time and place utility, by o Diesel won steam but may face taking them from a location competition with electricity. where they have little values to processing and consuming areas - URBANIZATION where their values is vastly o The rapid growth of urban areas increased. by an even more rapidly expanding population is a - POLITICAL POLICIES phenomenon that cannot be o Political polices frequently play a overlooked among transport deciding role in transport development factors. development. o Accessibility to land and the intensity of land use are closely - MILITARY related to transport availability. o The military of a nation is ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS primarily intended to support its OF TRANSPORT political polices and to provide for national defense. Economic impact: o Consequently, often it has direct o Key component of growth and influence on transport globalization development. o Infrastructure building and operation of transport consumes - TECHNOLOGICAL FACTOR huge amount of capital o Progress in direct and supporting o Traffic safety technologies has played an Environmental impact: obvious role in transportation, o infrastructure building consumes o For instance introduction of new huge amount of land economical transportation mode o Transport is largest drainer of than the existing system calls for energy the development of o Air pollution transportation. o Traffic noise TRANSPORT PLANNING IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION PLANNING - is a science that seeks to study the problem that arise in providing - Efficiency – to achieve efficient transportation facilities and to prepare management anD better management systematic basis for planning such of existing resources facilities. o Effective use of transportation - This planning will relate to the operation system of the highway system, geometry, and o Uses of technology operation of traffic facilities o Land use and resource - Good land use minimizes the need for controlling transport keeps common activities - Quality - to reduce a negative impact to close to people home, places high the traffic that produce a pollution density development closer to high- - Equity - to meet travel demand and capacity transport facilities response for all communities - Transport facilities consume significant TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PERIOD amount of land in urban areas: pavement (streets and parking) - Short Term (Action Plan) - review consumes more than 20% of total land matters that can be completed within area – good transport planning reduces three years and involve high costs. land wastage o Example: program an engineers - An activity that: to optimize the use of existing o Collect information on transportation systems by performance installing various traffic control o Identify existing and forecast devices such as signs and future system performance signals levels - Long Term ( ≥ 5 years) - This type of o Identify solutions planning is more structured and o Focus: meet existing and complicated, and it must be designed forecast travel demand better than short term planning o urban transportation planning TRANSPORT PLANNING IS NEEDED process involves planning the BECAUSE OF: next 20 to 25 years o Increased demand of new BASIC ELEMENTS OF TRANSPORTATION facilities and services PLANNING o Huge investments in transportation projects Each elements transport planning are: o Land use development o Interrelated o Many alternatives exist for any o Not necessarily carried out transportation project sequentially or they are interdependent. o The information acquired in one phase of the process may be helpful in some earlier or later phase, so there is a continuity of  effort that should eventually configurations that might provide result in a decision solutions to the problem o This phase includes: - Situation Definition ▪ Preliminary feasibility o Involves all of the activities studies to narrow down required to understand the the most promising situation that gave rise to the options. perceived need for a ▪ Data gathering, field transportation improvement testing, and cost ▪ The present system is estimating to assess the analyzed, and its practicality and financial characteristics are feasibility of proposed described solutions. ▪ Information about the - Analysis of Performance surrounding area, its o To estimate performance of people, and their travel proposed alternatives under habits may be obtained. present and future conditions. ▪ Previous reports and ▪ Determination of the studies that may be investment cost of relevant to the present building the situation are reviewed transportation project, as - Problem Definition well as annual costs for o To describe the problem in terms maintenance and of the objectives to be operation. accomplished by the project ▪ Involves the use of o To translate those objectives into mathematical models for criteria that can be used to estimating travel demand. quantify the extent to which a ▪ Determine use of the proposed transportation project system (such as trip will achieve the stated objective ( length, travel by time of measures of effectiveness ). day, and vehicle o Identified the characteristics of occupancy) an acceptable system ▪ Environmental effects are ▪ Constraints placed on the estimated project (e.g. physical - Evaluation of Alternatives limitation [presence of o How well each alternative will other structures ] ) achieve the objectives of the ▪ Design standards (e.g., project as defined by the criteria. bridge width, clearances) o Performance data produced in - Search for Solutions (Idea-generating the analysis phase are used to phase) compute the benefits and costs o Consideration is given to a that will result if the project is variety of ideas, designs, selected. locations, and system - Choice of Project o It is made after considering all the factors involved. ▪ Whether the factors were a single criterion such as cost (select the lower cost) ▪ In more complex projects other factors might be considered, selection is based on how the results are perceived by those involved in decision making - Specifications and construction o Detailed design phase in which each of the components of the facility is specified. o This involves its physical location, geometric dimensions, and structural configuration.