Lecture 1 - Introduction to Research PDF

Chapter 1 Introduction to Nursing Research and Its Role in Evidence-Based Practice Prepared by: Dr. Fatmah Alsharif Updated by: Dr. Nouran Katooa Research Process and Evidence Based Nursing NURM (411) 2022-2023 Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Wil...

Chapter 1 Introduction to Nursing Research and Its Role in Evidence-Based Practice Prepared by: Dr. Fatmah Alsharif Updated by: Dr. Nouran Katooa Research Process and Evidence Based Nursing NURM (411) 2022-2023 Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins NURSING RESEARCH and Evidence based practice  Lecture Learning Outcomes: At the end of this lesson the student should be able to: To define research and nursing research To Know about the importance of Research. Recognize the comparison between nursing research and nursing process Demonstrate understanding of the EBP concept To review the types of research methods “ Qualitative and Quantitative” To discuss areas of high priorities for nurse researchers.  EBNP is the process by which nurses make clinical decisions based on the best available research evidence, their clinical practice and Evidence- patient preferences, in the context of available resources. Based Nursing Practice based on evidence from nursing Prac8ce research is an approach that enables clinicians to provide the highest quality of care in meeting the multifaceted needs of patients and families.  Utilization of the research findings Fill the gap between research and practices Research utilization , research starting ( how can I put the new knowledge to good use in my Evidence clinical) Based EBP, clinical question ( what does the evidence say is the best approach to solving this clinical Practice problem?). (EBP) EBP defined as “ the integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values” (Sackett et al, 2000). EBP involves the use of best research evidence to support clinical decision in practice.  To Search Again. Research To examine carefully. means: Research seeks answers to questions in an orderly and systematic way. It is a method of problem solving.  Introduction Starting of nursing research, Florence Nightingale Mid-19th century , in 1950s (increase # of nurses with advanced skills and degree), 1980s (NCNR At NIH) In any profession, research is necessary to invention of new technology and techniques its help to improve the body of knowledge in profession. Nursing Research: nurses need the scientific knowledge required to be a competent nurse. DEFINITION OF RESEARCH It is diligent (careful), systematic inquiry or study that Validates and refines existing knowledge and develops new knowledge. A scientific process that validates and refines existing knowledge and generates new knowledge that directly and indirectly influences clinical nursing practice It is a scientific study or investigation that is pursued to discover facts, revise theories or laws based on new facts and its practical application.  A collection of data in a rigorously controlled situation for purposes of explanation and prediction. A problem-solving process that utilizes the scientific method of discovery and develop ideas and theories that give meaningful answers to complex questions about human beings and their environment. It is a way of dealing with ideas for purposes of clarifying, verifying and confirming data. “To search again” or “to examine carefully”  Roles of Nurses in Research Ideas from clinical settings Assist in collecting research information Offer advice to clients about participating in study Search for best evidence to apply it Discus the implica;ons of the study (Polit & Beck, 2018) NURSING RESEARCH Nursing research is systemaNc inquiry designed to develop knowledge about issues of importance to the nursing profession, including nursing pracNce, educaNon, administraNon, and informaNcs. CLINICAL NURSING research – designed to guide nursing pracNce to improve the health and quality of the life of clients. Example of research quesNon How do women with breast cancer perceive their social support WHAT DOES RESEARCH DO? Research enables nurses to: Describe the characteristics of a particular nursing situation about which little is known. Eg. Nurses work stress Explain phenomenon that must be considered in planning nursing care. Eg. Nurses working concept, Team work, nursing care / concepts of Psychiatric , Pediatric and OBG clients. Predict the probable outcome of certain nursing decisions made in relation to client care. Eg. Oral Care – Lemon, Salt, Chlorhexidine Control the occurrence of undesired client outcomes. Eg. Muscle dystrophy prevented / controlled by active, passive exercise Initiate, with a fair degree of confidence, activities that will achieve desired client behavior.  For the continuous growth of nursing profession. Helps nursing to achieve its own professional identity. WHY DO Helps to identify the boundaries of nursing. NURSES To define the parameters of nursing. NEED For cost containment practices. To have a research-based practice RESEARCH? To document contributions to nursing and the overall health care To generate knowledge To improve the image of nursing ROLE OF NURSE IN RESEARCH BSN Degree PARTICIPATION 1. Critiquing & synthesizing research findings AT VARIOUS from nursing profession and other discipline for use in practice. LEVELS OF 2. Provide valuable assistance in identifying EDUCATION research problems and collecting data for PREPARATION studies. (ANA-1989) Researcher Characteristics Kristhoff, 1991 Intellectual Curiosity Creative thinking Critical thinking Ability relate study to a known theory Patience and discipline to push the study through. Intellectual honesty Sense of humor Nursing Research vs Nursing Process Nursing Research Nursing Process 1. Problem identification 1. Assessment phase Conceptualize topic Collecting information Curiosity about topic Using different resources Brain storm with peers; RL; State problem 2. Methodological development 2. Diagnosis Identify variables Validate organize data Formulate hypothesis Analyze actual and potential health Calculate sample size; problems Identify instrument Formulate diagnosis Nursing Research Nursing Process 3. Data management 3. Planning Phase Collect and organize data Prioritize health problems Analyze Identify components of care/ resources interpret Set goals, plan of care; Nursing action; evaluation 4. Disseminate findings 4. Implementation Phase Publish findings Implement plan of care Review findings Collaborate with other member Critique findings Modify plan  To Improve: Nursing as a profession NURSING Nursing prac/ce RESEARCH PRIORITIES Patient outcomes  Knowledge generated through research is essen>al to provide a scien>fic basis for:- Description: What exists in Nursing/practice WHY IS and discover a new knowledge. RESEARCH Explanation: Explains the existing knowledge in relation to the effect and the outcome IMPORTANT Like bed sore occur in the old people due to IN lack of mobility NURSING? Prediction : A nurse could predict the out come on the bases of interventions Control: Ability to write a prescrip>on to produce the desire result.  Is essential for the development of empirical knowledge that enables nurses to provide evidence-based IMPORTANCE nursing care of Nursing Research Broadly, the nursing profession is accountable to society for providing high quality, cost-effec>ve care for pa>ents and families. TYPES OF Qualitative research Quantitative research Descriptive Phenomenological NURSING Grounded theory Correlational RESEARCH Historical Quasi-experimental NURSING Ethnographic Experimental RESEARCH  Is a formal, objecNve, systemaNc process in which numerical data are used to obtain informaNon about the world. Is "hard science" it is perceived as rigorous (exact), systemaNc and objecNve focusing on numerical data and using staNsNcal analysis QUANTITATIVE and controls in an aZempt to eliminate bias. RESEARCH It is conducted to test theory by; Describing variables Examining relaNonship among variables Determine cause and effect interacNon between variables.  Descriptive- explore new areas/describe situations. Co-rela8onal- examine Types of rela8onships Quantitative Research: Quasi-experimental- effectiveness of intervention. Experimental- producing positive outcomes.  Is a systematic, subjective approach used to describe life experiences and situation and to give them meaning. "Mode of systemaYc inquiry concerned with QUALITATIVE understanding human beings and the nature of their transacYon with themselves and with their RESEARCH surrounding" (Benoliel, 1984). Qualitative research is often described as holistic, that is, concerned with humans and their environment in all their complexities. It is lived and as it is defined by the actors themselves  1. Phenomenological- describes experience as lived. 2. Grounded theory- formulate, test and Types of refine a theory about a phenomena. Qualitative 3. Ethnographic- investigates cultures in depth. Research: 4. Historical- description analysis of events that occurred in past. 3  Patient focused research AREAS OF The management processes within health care services HIGH Cultural issues for nurses and patients PRIORITY The history of nursing FOR NURSE Ethical decision making RESEARCHER Nursing and professional regulation Education of nurses TABLE 3.1 Key Terms in Quantitative and Qualitative Research Concepts, Constructs, and Theories Pain and fatigue are all abstractions of particular aspects of human behavior. These abstractions are called phenomena (especially in qualitative studies) or concepts. construct, which also refers to an abstraction in a complex way. A theory is an explanation of some aspect of reality. Theories play a role in both qualitative and quantitative research. I Variables In quan>ta>ve studies, concepts are usually called variables. A variable, as the name implies, is something that varies. A variable is any quality of a person, group, or situa>on that varies or takes on different values. Dependent and Independent Variables The presumed cause is the independent variable, and the presumed effect is the dependent or outcome variable. The dependent variable is the outcome that researchers want to understand, explain, or predict. The terms independent variable and dependent variable also can be used to indicate direc.on of influence rather than cause and effect. Variables are not inherently dependent or independent. A dependent variable in one study could be an independent variable in another. In short, whether a variable is independent or dependent is a func>on of the role that it plays in a par>cular study.  AcHvity independent and dependent variables: Research question : Is low cognitive functioning associated with reduced instrumental activities of daily living (e.g., medication management, driving) in people with heart failure? Independent variable:?? Dependent variables:??  Conceptual and Operational Definitions A conceptual definition is the abstract or theoretical meaning of a concept. An operational definition indicates what the researchers specifically must do to measure the concept and collect needed information.  Activity Conceptual and Operational Definitions “Subjective norm” was defined as “The overall perception of social pressure to perform or not perform the behavior” and a scale item used to measure this construct was “The people in my life whose opinions I value are regularly tested for HIV” (p. 76). Conceptual Definition:?? Operational Definition:??  Data Research data (singular, datum) are the pieces of informaNon gathered in a study. QuanNtaNve researchers collect primarily quan=ta=ve data — informaNon in numeric form. In qualitaNve studies, researchers collect primarily qualita=ve data, that is, narraNve descripNons.  RelaHonship cause-and-effect (or causal) associa&ve (or func&onal) rela&onship A relationship is a bond or connection between two or more phenomena; for example, researchers repeatedly have found that there is a relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer. Qualitative and quantitative studies examine relationships in different ways. Qualitative researchers may seek patterns of association as a way of illuminating the underlying meaning and dimensionality of phenomena of interest. Types of relationships: One type of relationship is a cause-and-effect (or causal) relationship. associative (or functional) relationship  Activity Chuang and co-researchers (2012) studied whether a structured relaxa>on program caused lower stress in hospitalized pregnant women with preterm labor. Rela>onship: Kelly and colleagues (2012) studied the rela>onship between social support networks and adherence to an>retroviral therapy among HIV-infected substance abusers. Rela>onship: Stålkrantz and colleagues (2012) studied everyday life for the spouses of pa>ents with untreated obstruc>ve sleep apnea syndrome. They found that the spouses differed on two key dimensions: social adjustment (circumstances limited or unchanged) and new feelings (against the partner or suppor>ng the partner).  REFERENCES Burns, N., & Grove, S. K. (2009). The practice of nursing research: Appraisal, synthesis, and generation of evidence. St. Louis, Mo: Saunders/Elsevier Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Los Angeles: Sage. Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2018). Essentials of nursing research: Appraising evidence for nursing practice (9th edition.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health /Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. https://www.jaypeedigital.com/eReader/chapter/9789352500 154/ch1