Motor Control Lecture 1 PDF Fall 2024

Motor Control By DR Manal Helmy Fall 2024  Lecture (1) Introduction to Motor Control By DR Manal Fall 2024 Helmy  List of Contents About Educati Wok Me on Experience Skill & Projec Testimony Ability...

Motor Control By DR Manal Helmy Fall 2024  Lecture (1) Introduction to Motor Control By DR Manal Fall 2024 Helmy  List of Contents About Educati Wok Me on Experience Skill & Projec Testimony Ability t  Motor Control Control and organization of processes underlying motor behavior Milliseconds Motor Learning Acquisition of skill throughpractice and experience Hours, days, weeks  Motor Development Age-related processes of change in motor behavior Months, & Years.  Motor Control Is the process of initiating, directing, and grading purposeful voluntary movement. Is the ability to regulate How Movement Occur?  Physical and occupational therapists have been referred Why Should to as “applied motor control Therapists physiologists” (Brooks, 1986). This is because Study Motor therapists spend a considerable amount of time Control? retraining patients who have motor control problems producing functional movement disorders.  Therapeutic strategies are designed to improve the quality and quantity of postures and movements essential to function. Thus, understanding motor control and, specifically, the nature and control of movement is critical to clinical practice. We will begin our study of motor control by discussing important issues related to the nature and control of movement. Next, we will explore different theories of motor control, examining their underlying assumptions and clinical implications. Finally, we will  THEORIES OF MOTOR CONTROL Theories of motor control describe viewpoints regarding how movement is controlled. A theory of motor control is a group of abstract ideas about the control of movement. A theory is a set of interconnected statements that describe unobservable structures or processes and  THEORIES OF MOTOR CONTROL Theories provide: A framework for interpreting behavior; A guide for clinical action; New ideas; and Working hypotheses for examination and intervention.  THEORIES OF MOTOR CONTROL Reflex Theory: Sir Charles Sherrington, a neurophysiologist in the late 1800s and early 1900s, wrote the book The Integrative Action of the Nervous System in 1906. His research formed the experimental foundation for a classic reflex theory of motor control. For Sherrington, reflexes were the building blocks of complex behavior. He believed that complex behavior  THEORIES OF MOTOR CONTROL Hierarchical Theory Many researchers have contributed to the view that the nervous system is organized as a hierarchy. Among them, Hughlings Jackson, an English physician, argued that the brain has higher, middle, and lower levels of control, equated with higher association areas, the motor cortex, and spinal levels of motor function. Hierarchical control in general has been defined as organizational control that is top down. That is, each successively higher level exerts control over the level below it. In a strict vertical hierarchy, lines of control do not cross  THEORIES OF MOTOR CONTROL Neuro-maturational theory Normal motor development was attributed to increasing corticalization of the CNS, resulting in the emergence of higher levels of control over lower level reflexes. This has been referred to as a neuromaturational theory of development. This theory assumes that CNS maturation is the primary agent for change in development.  THEORIES OF MOTOR CONTROL Motor Programming Theories More recent theories of motor control have expanded our understanding of the CNS. They have moved away from views of the CNS as a mostly reactive system and have begun to explore the physiology of actions rather than the physiology of reactions. Reflex theories have been useful in explaining certain stereotyped patterns of movement. However, an interesting  THEORIES OF MOTOR CONTROL Systems Theory In the early and mid-1900s Nicolai Bernstein (1896– 1966), a Russian scientist, was looking at the nervous system and body in a whole new way. Bernstein looked at the whole body as a mechanical system, with mass, and  THEORIES OF MOTOR CONTROL Systems Theory He thus showed that the same central command could result in quite different movements because of the interplay between external forces and variations in the initial conditions. For the same reasons, different commands could result in the same movement. Bernstein also suggested that control of integrated movement was  THEORIES OF MOTOR CONTROL Ecological Theory The new in this theory is that Actions require perceptual information that is specific to a desired goal-directed action performed within a specific environment. The organization of action is specific to the task and the environment in which the task is being performed. Whereas many previous researchers had seen the organism as a sensory/motor system, Gibson  Which Theory of Motor Control is best? We believe the best theory of motor control is one that combines elements from all of the theories presented. Many people have been working to develop an integrated theory of motor control. In some cases, as theories are modified, new names are applied. As a result, it becomes difficult to distinguish among evolving  Which Theory of Motor Control is best? The theory of motor control on which we base our research and clinical practice “a systems approach”. This approach argues that it is critical to recognize that movement emerges from an interaction between the individual, the task, and the environment in which the task is being carried out. Thus, movement is not solely the result of muscle-specific motor programs or stereotyped reflexes, but results from a dynamic interplay Thank You