Basic Life Sciences Lecture 1 & 2 2023 PDF

BL 1002 Basic Life Sciences Prof. W.A. Priyanka de Silva Department of Zoology Faculty of Science 2023 Content to be covered Blood circulatory system Blood groups and transfusion Genetic diseases Recommended Text: Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S....

BL 1002 Basic Life Sciences Prof. W.A. Priyanka de Silva Department of Zoology Faculty of Science 2023 Content to be covered Blood circulatory system Blood groups and transfusion Genetic diseases Recommended Text: Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V., Jackson, R. B.and Reece, J. B., (2017). Campbell Biology (No. s 1309). Boston: Pearson. e-book (11th Edition) Pages 932, 934, 935 and 968 Circulatory system Objectives Identify the basic components of circulatory system. Describe formed elements of the blood. Understand general functions of blood. Describe the human blood system and transfusion.  The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels. Human circulatory systems is a very efficient transport system Carries materials to all cells. food and oxygen to cells remove waste products The human circulatory system is a collection of interacting structures which are designed to supply oxygen and nutrients to living cells and to remove carbon dioxide and other wastes from living cells Four basic components of any circulatory system Vehicle (Blood) : substance which carries the materials needs to transport Conduits (Blood Vessels) : tube through which a vehicle travels Motive force (Heart) : pumps Exchange areas (capillaries)  Major subdivisions of the blood Plasma Red blood cells (RBC) White blood cells (WBC) Platelets. Plasma : fluid containing proteins Plasma makes up about 55% of the total blood volume. Mainly composed of water (90%) Proteins are dissolved in plasma Sugar, Irons, Vitamins and Hormones Red blood cells (RBC) biconcave discs Nuclei and mitochondria are absent Shape increases the surface area A large surface-to-volume ratio Increase the diffusion of O2 through plasma membrane approximately 4.2 - 5.9 million cells/cubic mm. blood RBCs contain haemoglobin a protein which carries most of the oxygen transported by the blood  Hemoglobin : Iron containing protein that transport O2 An RBC contain nearly 260 million hemoglobin molecules Each HB molecule : carries four oxygen molecules  Each hemoglobin protein is made up of subunits called hemes Hemes bind with iron molecules Iron molecules bind with oxygen The red color of blood is primarily due to the interaction between iron and oxygen in hemoglobin. Hemoglobin contains iron, which binds to oxygen in the lungs (oxygenated) and releases it in the body tissues. Oxyhemoglobin, which gives the blood its characteristic bright red color. When hemoglobin releases oxygen in the tissues, it becomes deoxygenated and become darker red color. This cycle of oxygenation and deoxygenation is crucial for the transportation of oxygen to the body's tissues and the removal of carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs White blood cells (WBC) Five major types of white blood cells WBC contribute 1% of the blood Essential for good health and protection against illness and diseases WBC are produced inside the bone marrow and stored in your blood and lymphatic tissues In normal adults, there are about 5,000 to 11,000 WBCs per cubic millimetre of blood. Neutrophils and lymphocytes are the most common WBCs in the blood system  Bone marrow is a nutrient-dense, spongy tissue located in the cavities of bones. Red borne marrow: Blood cells are produced via stem cells Yellow bone marrow: store fat and produce red blood cells during life-threatening situations. During serious emergencies, our body can experience rapid blood loss. Yellow bone marrow essentially transforms into red bone marrow during life-threatening events to produce blood cells and keep us alive Platelets Main function is to help in blood clotting by clumping together Release chemical factors required for clotting Nearly 150,000 - 350,000 platelets in a cubic millimetre of normal blood. Blood clotting A process that seals broken blood vessels Conversion of liquid component of blood to a solid clot Platelets release a substance that makes nearby platelets sticky They stick to collagen fibers in the connective tissue Form a plug that provide protection against blood loss https://medlineplus.gov/ency/anatomyvideos/000011.htm Functions of blood 1. Serves as a vehicle for oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide and other wastes, hormones and antibodies 2. Provide immunity Some WBCs phagocytize (swallow up) foreign particles and microorganisms. Some other WBCs produce antibodies. Blood transports antibodies throughout the body. Functions of blood 3. Blood clotting prevent continued blood loss avoid microorganisms and viruses by sealing the wound opening 4. Temperature control Network of vessels underneath the skin functions as a radiator. Blood flow is increased to avoid accumulation of excess heat in the body Heat release from the body via evaporative cooling of sweat glands Is it possible to do DNA test for red blood cells? RBC cells do contain DNA, they lack a nucleus and most organelles, making the extraction of DNA from mature red blood cells more challenging compared to other types of cells with a nucleus. DNA testing is often more commonly performed on white blood cells, which contain a nucleus and are more suitable for genetic analysis. When a leukemia patient gets a born marrow transplant surgery, doesn't the cancer spread to the newly added bone marrows? The aim of the bone marrow transplant, is to replace the diseased or damaged bone marrow with healthy donor bone marrow or stem cells. This procedure is often used in the treatment of various types of blood cancers. There is a risk that the cancer could potentially spread to the newly transplanted bone marrow, if the donor's bone marrow contains leukemia cells. The success of the bone marrow transplant often relies on careful selection of a suitable donor and proper screening to assure the donated bone marrow or stem cells are free of cancer cells. When a leukemia patient gets a born marrow transplant surgery, doesn't the cancer spread to the newly added bone marrows? Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are often used to eliminate any remaining cancer cells in the patient's body before the transplant. The patient's immune system is typically suppressed to prevent rejection of the donor cells. This immune suppression can also help reduce the risk of the leukemia spreading to the transplanted bone marrow  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Qfmkd6C8u8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMqwV9Vb4_Y https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HRUG9iBB_D4 Blood grouping systems ABO system Rh System ABO system Your blood will fall into one of four categories, A, B, AB or O. Due to the presence or absence of certain protein molecules called antigens and antibodies Antigens Protein components (glycoprotiens) present on red cell membranes. Antibodies Proteins produced by an immune response and present in the plasma. Specific to a particular anitgen and can destroy red cells carrying that antigen Individuals have different types and combinations of antigens and antibodies The blood group you belong is depends on what you have inherited from your parents What happens when blood types mix? When antigen “A” on the red blood cells, they cannot have anti-A antibodies in the plasma (only anti-B antibodies present in the plasma) Antigen B on red blood cells, then cannot contain anti-B antibodies on their blood plasma (only anti-A antibodies present in the plasma) Blood transfusions – who can receive blood from whom? Red blood cells (RBCs), also known as packed red blood cells (pRBCs), are prepared from whole blood by removing plasma PRBC Store with anticoagulant until further use Blood transfusions – who can receive blood from whom? Transfusion is effective if a receiver has a blood group that does NOT have antibodies against the donor blood’s antigens If a person receives blood has antibodies matching the donor blood’s antigens, the red blood cells in the donated blood will clump (BAD!) In an emergency, O- blood may be given before your blood type is known, Why? Once the blood type is identified your blood type will be given to you. What happens when blood types mix? Not all blood groups are compatible Mixing incompatible blood groups leads to blood clumping. This can be fatal Clumping occurs when antibodies of the recipients’ blood attach to the antigens of the donor blood Which blood type is the universal donor, and why? A universal donor is an individual with a blood type that can be given to any patient without rejecting it due to incompatible antigens. O blood type No A or B antigens on the surface to attack to antibodies of the recipients’ blood Which blood type is the universal receiver, and why? A universal recipient is an individual with a blood type that allows them to receive a transfusion from any blood type, without experiencing a reaction caused by antigens. AB blood type No antibodies to attached with antigens of donor blood Rh Blood grop What is the Rh factor Rh is an antigen found on the surface of some people’s red blood cells The name has given after the Rhesus monkey, where it was first found. Presence of Rh antigen : Rh+ Absence of the Rh antigen : Rh- What is the Rh factor A person with Rh- blood can develop Rh antibodies if Rh+ blood is received Rh antigens trigger the production of Rh antibodies A person with Rh+ blood can receive blood from a person with Rh- blood without any problems Haemolytic disease in Newborn Rh+ father Rh- mother carrying her first Rh+ fetus Rh antigen from the developing fetus can enter the mother’s blood during delivery In response to the fetal Rh antigens, mother produce and Rh antibodies If the women becomes pregnant with another Rh+ fetus mother’s anti Rh antibodies may cross the placenta damage fetal red blood cells RhoGam injection Manufactured antibodies. Neutralize the mother's immune system. Prevent formation of own antibodies in mother's body. RhoGam does not cross the placenta and not harm the baby. Blood type : Positive or negative? Explain : You have B+ blood type Have B antigens on your red blood cells. Have Rh antigens on your red blood cells  Inheritance of ABO Blood Groups Two genes inherited one from each parent. Individual who is A or B may be homozygous or heterozygous for the antigen. Heterozygous: AO or BO Homozygous: AA or BB Phenotype is the actual expression of the genotype Group A or B Genotype are the actual inherited genes which can only be determined by family studies AO or BO AA or BB  If mother’s phenotype is group A (genotype AO) and the father’s phenotype is group B (genotype BO), possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring AO x BO AB 25% (Group AB) AO 25% (Group A) BO 25% (Group B) OO 25% (Group O)  https://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/101-videos/0000015f- e487-d03c-a7df-ee9f9d2b0000 1. If a person with a broken bone is inserted with metal plates, won't it affect the number blood cells produced? No 2. If bone marrows produces new blood cells what happens the blood cells that already in the body? are they die/ waste in as usual as the other cells ? yes 3. I realize when I eat chicken bones there is soft part on that …………Wow….. 4. I've heard another type called Bombay : a very rare blood group, similar to “o” no antigens are present. No compatible blood group except the same. Only 4 million and majority are from India 5. Are their any behavioral differences in these blood types? I suggest to design a research for your class 6. What may be the reason for lacking hemoglobin in blood? Anemia condition (borne marrow not able to produce enough RBC, blood loss, iron deficiency (irons need for healthy bones),.. 7. Is it possible to identify the blood separately after receiving blood from a person? Nope 8. Does baby blood type always same either mother or father blood type? A mixture of mother and father. Use blood type to identify parents When injecting a rhogam injection the immune system neutralized....So would there be any risk of infecting hidden pathogens to mother ? RhoGAM specifically suppresses the production of rh antibodies Rh immunization is a condition in which an individual with Rh-negative blood develops antibodies after exposure to Rh-positive blood. What is difference between antigen and antibodies Antigens are molecules and stimulate immune response. Antibodies (immunoglobins) are Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells of the immune system in response to exposure to antigens.