Lecture 08: Air Conditioning & Ventilation PDF

ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522...

ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Topics to cover Passive and active system History of air conditioning Refrigeration principles Thermal Comfort Psychrometric chart Heat transfer Cooling Load Solar gain Internal Gain U value Sensible vs Latent load Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN PASSIVE AND ACTIVE SYSTEM Passive Ventilation and cooling: using natural forces – cross ventilation, thermal mass system, night ventilation etc Active Ventilation and cooling: use energy – MVAC, radiant cooling etc Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN PASSIVE DESIGN Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN PASSIVE DESIGN Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN PASSIVE DESIGN Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN PASSIVE DESIGN Building Orientation Building Form Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN PASSIVE DESIGN Building Envelope Shading Elements Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN PASSIVE DESIGN Building Materials Insulation Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN PASSIVE DESIGN Window Characteristics Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN PASSIVE DESIGN Vegetation (exterior & interior) Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN PASSIVE DESIGN Daylighting Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN PASSIVE DESIGN Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN AIR CONDITIONING (Active Cooling) the process of altering the properties of air (primarily temperature and humidity) to more favourable conditions. in ancient Egypt, reeds were hung in windows and were moistened with trickling water. The evaporation of water cooled the air blowing through the window. Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN ACTIVE COOLING Ancient China – C-Rotary fan with 3m dia. manually powered. Water powered fan wheel. Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN ACTIVE COOLING In 1842, Florida physician John Gorrie used compressor technology to create ice, which he used to cool air for his patients in his hospital in Apalachicola, Florida. Over several years of research, he designed a steam- powered machine that compressed air in a small chamber, then released the pressure, allowing the air to rapidly expand and absorb heat from water surrounding the airtight chamber. He hoped eventually to use his ice-making machine to regulate the temperature of buildings. Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN ELECTROMECHANICAL COOLING In 1902, the first modern electrical air conditioning unit was invented by Willis Haviland Carrier. Carrier began experimenting with air conditioning as a way to solve an application problem for the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing and Publishing Company in Brooklyn, New York, and the first "air conditioner“. Instead of sending air through hot coils, Carrier sent it through cold coils (ones filled with cold water). The air blowing over the cold coils cooled the air, and one could thereby control the amount of moisture the colder air could hold. In turn, the humidity in the room could be controlled. The low heat and humidity helped maintain consistent paper dimensions and ink alignment. Over time, air conditioning came to be used to improve comfort in homes and automobiles as well. Residential sales expanded dramatically in the 1950s. Dr. Willis Carrier Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN BOYLES LAW – Volume & Pressure Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN REFRIGERATION PRINCIPLES Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN REFRIGERATION PRINCIPLES Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN AIR CONDITIONING In common use, an air conditioner is a device that lowers the air temperature. Air conditioning (often referred to as A/C or AC) is the process of altering the properties of air (primary temperature and humidity) to more comfortable conditions, typically with the aim of distributing the conditioned air to an occupied space such as a building or a vehicle to improve thermal comfort and indoor air quality. Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN ENERGY USE FOR COOLING 40-50% of energy use is for cooling. 1hp = 750w 1 hour = 750w x 1 hr = 750wh = 0.75kwH Scenario: If TNB charge 33.40 sen per kwh (moderate usage) so 0.75 x 33.4sen = 25 sen per hour On air-cond, 6 hours a day = RM1.50/day or RM45/month If you have 3 no. 1hp AC used = RM135/month If you use 8 hours/day = RM180/month. as a building or a vehicle to improve thermal comfort and indoor air quality. Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN ENERGY USE FOR COOLING Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Window Unit Can be described as self-contained unit. Primarily designed for cooling one room only and for free air delivery (without ducts). Need opening in windows/walls. Consist of compressor, a condenser, an evaporator, a metering device, a fan and motor (blower assembly) Not used much today. Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Split Unit A/C Each indoor unit has outdoor unit. Multi split, one outdoor unit with several indoor units. No humidity control, no ventilation of fresh air. Water is wrung out of the air and collected by tubes and drained to the exterior. Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Split Unit A/C Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Central AC / HVAC Where air is cooled centrally, and distributed throughout building through ducting system. Fresh air can be mixed and introduced into the building Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Central AC / HVAC Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Central AC / HVAC Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Central AC / HVAC Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Central AC / HVAC Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Central AC / HVAC Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Central AC / HVAC Compressor Cooling Tower Ducting Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Central AC / HVAC Compressor The compressor is the heart of your HVAC system. It transfers heat from the refrigerant (the liquid that cools the air) to the condenser (the device that takes heat away from the air). The compressor compresses (squeezes) refrigerant into a smaller volume, which raises its pressure and temperature—and subsequently increases its energy efficiency. This process also happens in reverse when it brings down the temperature again after cooling has occurred. In addition to moving heat around, compressors can also provide cooling by carrying out evaporation: taking moisture from the inside air and turning it into water vapor outside your home where it can be easily dispersed into Lecture 08: dryer areas such as bathrooms or kitchen cabinets AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Central AC / HVAC Cooling Tower A cooling tower gets rid of unwanted heat from chillers. Specifically, how do cooling towers work – as a heat removal device that utilizes water as a heat transfer medium. Heat is removed from the water supply through evaporation. To do this, it pumps water to the top of the tower and moves down flow plates to the basin. Air goes through the plates and over the water, which releases heat via evaporation as it cycles through the cooling tower. Latent heat from vaporization is released when warm water and cool air mixes. Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Central AC / HVAC Ducting Ducts are conduits or passages used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) to deliver and remove air. The needed airflows include, for example, supply air, return air, and exhaust air. Ducts commonly also deliver ventilation air as part of the supply air. Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Central AC / HVAC Ducting Ducts are conduits or passages used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) to deliver and remove air. The needed airflows include, for example, supply air, return air, and exhaust air. Ducts commonly also deliver ventilation air as part of the supply air. Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN OTHER SYSTEMS (UPDATED) VAV SYSTEM Variable air volume systems or VAV boxes vary the air flow rates in different sections of a building, but keep all the air at the same temperature. A VAV box works by varying the airflow and sending it through the HVAC system and ductwork to different zones in the building. It maintains a constant temperature for the entire facility while changing the feel of each zone by sending different air flows to each one. VRF SYSTEM A variable refrigerant flow (VRF) system is a newer type of HVAC technology than a VAV box. VRF systems are ductless HVAC systems that use variable motor speeds to send different amounts of refrigeration to multiple evaporators in the system. The main VRF components are located in an outdoor unit, while the evaporators are located in an indoor unit. This way, a building’s various zones receive different temperatures while the rest of the HVAC system all flows at the same rates, making the system energy efficient. Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Thermal comfort is a condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment. The optimum situation is when thermal neutrality is achieved Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Passive cooling strategies in tropical climate Minimizing heat gain Maximizing heat loss Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Thermal Comfort Thermal comfort is the condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation (ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55). Factors affecting thermal comfort Air temperature Humidity Mean Radiant Temperature Air movement Metabolic rate Clo value Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Thermal Comfort Empirical studies done by Houghten and Yagloglou (Szokolay, 1985) in 1927 outlines three recognized environmental parameters that contribute to thermal comfort: 1. Air temperature or dry bulb temperature (DBT) 2. Relative humidity or wet bulb temperature (WBT) 3. Air movement or air velocity (m/s) Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Dry Bulb Temperature Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Wet Bulb Temperature Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Relative Humidity Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Identifying Conditioning Strategy Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Identifying Conditioning Strategy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abt_ydjgK28 https://www.flycarpet.net/en/PsyOnline Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Analytical Comfort Zone Method Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN 1. A scale of perception: from cold to hot with a central point of indifference that corresponds to the absence of hot and cold. 2. An evaluative scale: present affective assessment from comfort to discomfort 3. A future thermal preference; from ‘cooler’ to ‘warmer’ with a central point of indecision that corresponds to the absence of change. Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Use of Psychrometric Chart Engineer chart the local climate. Look at enthalpy changes. Determine the size and power of equipment. Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Heat Transfer Radiation Conduction Convection Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN RADIATION Heat transfer due to emission of electromagnetic waves is known as thermal radiation. Heat transfer through radiation takes place in form of electromagnetic waves mainly in the infrared region Doesn’t need contact between particles, can happen through vacuum Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN CONDUCTION Thermal conduction is the transfer of heat (internal energy) by microscopic collisions of particles and movement of electrons within a body. Particles must be in contact for physical collision can happen. Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN CONVECTION Convection is heat transfer by mass motion of a fluid such as air or water when the heated fluid is caused to move away from the source of heat, carrying energy with it. Warm gas and fluid are less dense and float upwards. Replaced by colder denser fluid. Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN COOLING LOAD The cooling load is the amount of heat energy that would need to be removed from a space (cooling) to maintain the temperature in an acceptable range. The term ‘heat gain’ may be used. Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN SENSIBLE COOLING LOAD (to maintain 24⁰C) sensible cooling load is a measurement of the amount of energy that must be removed from, for example, the air inside a building, in order to maintain a certain temperature, regardless of the temperature outside. 27ºC to 24ºC 30ºC to 24ºC = 3ºC reduction = 6ºC reduction Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN LATENT COOLING LOAD Latent cooling load is a measure of the amount of energy that is necessary to dehumidify the air in a building, for example, regardless of the outdoor humidity. Cooling load needs to be considered when a cooling system is being dimensioned. Latent cooling load refers to the wet bulb temperature. Reducing 5ºC but from 60% humidity to 55% Reducing 5ºC but from 80% humidity to 55% Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN COOLING LOAD COMPONENTS Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN SOLAR GAIN Solar gain (also known as solar heat gain or passive solar gain) refers to the increase in temperature in a space, object or structure that results from solar radiation. Indirect gain through walls and roofs. Direct gain though glazing. the higher the R value the better it insulate. Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN HEAT CONDUCTION THROUGH THE ROOF Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN U VALUE U-values measure how effective a material is as an insulator. The lower the U-value is, the better the material is as a heat insulator. Also can be termed R-value : R =1/U The lower the U value, the better it insulate. Inversely the higher the R value the better it insulate. Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN HEAT CONDUCTION THROUGH WALLS In preventing the transfer of heat, the lower the value the better. In cold climate = prevent heat escape the building. In hot climate = preventing heat from entering the building. But the problem is it also prevent heat from escaping to the outside if outside is colder. the higher the R value the better it insulate. Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN SOLAR RADIATION THROUGH GLASS Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN SOLAR RADIATION THROUGH GLASS Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN BUILDING MATERIAL AND THEIR U-Value Component Material U-Value W/(m2K) Floor (ground) 150mm thick RC slab with 15mm thick broken marble finish 0.20 Floor (1st) 150mm thick RC slab with 6mm thick hardwood Reducingparquet 5ºC but 0.20 finish from 80% humidity to 55% Wall 114mm thick brick wall with 18mm thick cement plaster 2.15 and paint finish on both sides Ceiling 4mm thick cement board 1.40 Window Aluminum frame clear glass casement window 5.7 Door Plywood 0.64 Vent Blocks Reinforced Concrete block 0.70 *Note: U-value based on common Shading Device 100mm thick concrete slab 0.70 building materials in Malaysia. Roof Concrete roof tile 0.70 Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN GREENHOUSE EFFECT The greenhouse effect is a process that occurs when gases in Earth's atmosphere trap the Sun's heat. This process makes Earth much warmer than it would be without an atmosphere. The greenhouse effect is one of the things that makes Earth a comfortable place to livethe higher the R value the better it insulate. Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN GREENHOUSE EFFECT HUMAN ENHANCED Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN GREENHOUSE EFFECT higher the R value the better it insulate. Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN INTERNAL BLINDS DOES LITTLE TO HELP Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN SUN-SHADING DEVICES (brise soleil) Help reduce direct gain. Heat is prevented from entering the space. Reduce view and daylight. Help cut-off glare. Help lower shading co-efficient. Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN SHADING COEFFICIENT The Shading Coefficient (SC) is a measure used to quantify the solar heat gain of glass in comparison to a standard piece of 1/8 inch (3mm) thick clear glass, which has an SC of 1.0 Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN HEAT GAIN FROM PEOPLE QS = No: of people x Sensible heat gain per person x CLF Qsensible = 18 × 250 × 1.0 = 4500 Btu/hrt QL = No: of people × Latent heat gain per person Qlatent = 18 × 200 = 3600 Btu/hr [ Qsensible = 18 × 75 × 1.0 = 1350 W ] [ Qlatent = 18 × 55 = 990 W ] Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN HEAT GAIN FROM LIGHTING Q = Btu/hr × Ballast factor × CLF [ Q = watts × Ballast factor × CLF ] Ballast factor = 1.2 for fluorescent lights Ballast factor = 1.0 for incandescent lights Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN REDUCING COOLING LOADS Reducing Conductive Gain – Insulate Wall, Insulate roof. Low U value Reducing Direct gain – Lower SC glazing, Low U value Reducing Internal gain Use energy efficient appliances Use less appliances Reducing infiltration gain – seal leak Reduce humidity. Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN Central AC / HVAC THANK YOU Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION  ARC 3522 KEMUDAHAN BANGUNAN LANJUTAN BACELOR SAINS SENI BINA DENGAN KEPUJIAN AIR CONDITIONING https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wD7vSnISp3g https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SfuSzBja8QA https://www.carrier.com/commercial/en/asia- pacific/about/history/ https://www.trane.com/residential/en/resources/glossary/what- is-hvac/ https://www.architecturaldigest.com/reviews/hvac/what-is-hvac Lecture 08: AIR CONDITIONING & VENTILATION