Jammu and Kashmir Flora & Fauna Lecture 6 PDF

Tawqeer ul Islam @Educate All Trust's Academy  Please Visit EACT CLASSES– Educate All Trust on YouTube for the Videos. Link: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7iuDjCnEFf6pAskdZsvQ3w Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes  FORESTS OF JAMMU AND K...

Tawqeer ul Islam @Educate All Trust's Academy  Please Visit EACT CLASSES– Educate All Trust on YouTube for the Videos. Link: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7iuDjCnEFf6pAskdZsvQ3w Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes  FORESTS OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR Tawqeer ul Islam @Eact Classes FORESTS OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR J&K’s natural vegetation has great diversity in flora, ranging from the lush-green Margs (Alpine pastures) to evergreen conifers on the gentle slopes of high altitudes, and from scrub-jungles of the foot-hills to the deciduous forest on the southern slopes of the Siwaliks and Pir-Panjal Range. Tawqeer ul Islam @Educate All Trust's Academy FORESTS OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR The total forest cover of the UT is 47.8% of its total geographical area. (57.31% if Pakistan Administered Kashmir is included) Percentage of UT’s Total Geographic Area*: 47.80% Percentage of Country’s Forest Area: 2.63% Percentage of Country’s Geographic: Area 0.614% Here a number of tree species are found such as chir, poplar, deodar, fir, pine, kail, mulberry, fruit trees and so on. Some medicinal herbs are also found in the state such as belladonna (sangagur), Hyoscyamus (ajwayn), digitalis (Foxglove), menthol, rubus (blackberry), artemisis (Tethwan) and so on. Due to its vast forest cover many forest based industries are dependent on these forests like paper, sports goods, silk, furniture and wood carving, herbal drugs, silk industry and so on. Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes RECORDED FOREST AREA According to 2020-21 Forest Report, the recorded forest area of Jammu and Kashmir UT is 20194 sq km, which is 47.80% of the total geographical area of the state. (21386 sq km if PAK included) Out of total forest area, 90.68% are under coniferous forest while 9.32% are claimed by non-coniferous or forest. This recorded forest area is divided into: Reserved Forests: Those forests which are permanently marked either for the production of timber or other forest produce in which right of grazing and cultivation is allowed are known as ‘reserved forests’. The reserved forests (15333 sq km) cover 87.21%. Protected Forests: Those forests where the right of grazing and cultivation is subjected to a few minor restrictions are known as ‘the protected forests’. Protected forests (4861 sq km) cover 12.61%. RECORDED FOREST AREA Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes RECORDED FOREST AREA Most Prevalent Forest Type: Western Mixed Coniferous Forest (Spruce, Blue Pine, Silver Fir) Link to the Indian State Forest Report 2021: https://fsi.nic.in/isfr-2021/chapter-13.pdf Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes DISTRICT WISE RECORDED FOREST AREA Maximum Forest Cover: Poonch (2048 sq km) Minimum Forest Cover: Srinagar (45 sq km) Link to the Indian State Forest Report 2021: https://fsi.nic.in/isfr-2021/chapter-13.pdf Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes LADAKH UT FOREST COVER Tawqeer ul Islam @Educate All Trust's Academy LADAKH UT FOREST COVER Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes TREES IN RECORDED FOREST AREAS Pinus Wallichiana or Himalayan blue pine (because of its bluish or greyish-green leaves), locally known as kaayur, yaari kul, biaar, kail, lim and chil in india and Pakistan, is the most abundant Tree species inside the Recorded Forests Area in J&K UT. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes TREES OUTSIDE FORESTS Grewia Oppositifolia (Grewia optiva), locally known as Bhimal, is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae, is the most abundant Tree species outside forests in Urban areas of J&K. The common Himalayan oak, Quercus leucotrichophora, locally known as "banj" or "ban", oak is found between 1,300 and 2,100 m, most abundant Tree species outside forests in Rural areas of J&K. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes CLASSIFICATION OF FOREST IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes CLASSIFICATION OF FOREST IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR Vegetation can broadly be categorised into sub-tropical, temperate and alpine zones. J&K and Ladakh has five types of forest such as: Sub-tropical Dry Evergreen Forests These forests are found at an altitude about 1000 m above sea level in Shiwaliks and Western Himalayan regions. These forests are characterised by low scrub forest with small evergreen restricted trees and shrubs. The most predominant species of these forests are olive, babool and kakkar and tall grasses locally called as Khar. Sub-tropical Pine Forests These forests are found at an altitude between 1000 to 2000 m above sea level in the Western Himalayan region. The most predominant species of these forests is chir, which is used for furniture making and for buildings. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes CLASSIFICATION OF FOREST IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR Himalayan Moist Temperate Forests These are found at an altitude between 1500 to 3300 m in the temperate zone of the Himalayas. These are mainly found in the Kashmir valley region. These are open forests with dense growth of shrubs which have species like rhododendrons and some bamboos. Important species of these forests are oak and conifers. Other tree species are pine, cedar, silver fir, spruce, etc. The northern slopes of Pir-Panjal have the dominance of deodar, blue-pines with deciduous shrubs, while the Jhelum Forest Division (stretching over Gulmarg and Lolab Valley) is dominated by cedar, fir and spruce species of conifers. In the flat valley of Kashmir, poplar (Populus deltoides), Chinar (a type of maple) (Platanus orientalis), Vir (willow) (Salix alba var. caerulea) are the main species of vegetation which are deciduous in character. Himalayan Dry Temperate Forests These are found in the inner dry ranges of the Himalayan region e.g. in Ladakh region. Important species of these forests are xerophytic shrubs with coniferous forests which include deodar, oak, olive tree species. CLASSIFICATION OF FOREST IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR Sub-alpine and Alpine Forests Apine forests are found at high altitudes above 3500 m. Sub-alpine forests are a part of Alpine forests which are found at altitudes between 3100 to 3500 m mainly in Ladakh region. The important characteristics of these forests are presence of a mixture of coniferous trees (30 m in height) and broad leaved trees (10 m in height), like, fir, spruce and rhododendron species. Here epiphytic mosses (flowerless plants) and lichens are found in abundance. In Alpine forests, dwarf trees with or without conifers are found at lower level and at higher level scrubs and scattered xerophytic shrubs merge with alpine meadows. Important plant species of alpine forests are junipers, betula, pinus, abies, pyrus, shrubby rhododendrons, salix, etc. The alpine or sub-alpine pastures or meadows (3000 – 4000 m ASL) in the inner valley of Kashmir are locally known as margs. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER (i) The main types of forests found in the Union Territories are: (a) Sub–tropical dry evergreen forests (b) Sub-tropical pine forests (c) Himalayan moist temperate forests (d) Himalayan dry temperate forests (e) Sub Alpine and Alpine forests (ii) Alpine Pastures known as margs and evergreen conifers are found on the gentle slopes of high altitudes. (iii) The southern slopes of the Shiwalik foothills have scrub forests while upper slopes have deciduous forest cover. Deciduous forests are also found in the Pir-Panjal range. (iv) In Ladakh, mainly xerophytic vegetation is found due to low rainfall. Trees are found in the river valleys of Ladakh. vii) Common Trees: (a) Kikar (Acacia), Ber, Shisham, Pipal, Banyan, Mango, and Palm in Jammu region. (b) Chir, Deodar, Spruce, Maple Oak, Walnut, and Poplar in Kashmir. (c) Trees of Junipers, Firs, and Rhododendron at higher altitudes of Ladakh. MEDICINAL PLANTS OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes MEDICINAL PLANTS OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR Some of the most common plant species of Kashmir Himalaya that are used in Traditional Medicinal System (TMS) for the treatment of cough, cold and other respiratory diseases are: Saussurea costus (Kusthah) Crocus sativus (saffron) Artemesia absinthium (Tethwan) Saussurea bracteata (‘Bal-e-Kuth), Datura stramonium (datura) Trillium grandiflorum (nagchatri) Arnebia benthamii (Gaozaban or Khazaban), Pyrus cydonia (Bam-e-choonth), Skimmia anquetilia (Wan pater or Shingli Mingli), Ajuga parviflora (Jangli Jani-e-Adam’), Lonicera japonica (‘Kawha Kul’), Rheum spp. (‘Pamb Chalan’) etc. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes MAJOR TREES OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR http://autarmota.blogspot.com/2015/04/some-common-trees-of-kashmir.html Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes CHINAR TREE Chinar tree is known as Booen in Kashmiri. The chinar is a majestic tree that grows to a height of 100 feet from the ground and its girth could go up to 40 feet. The Chinar is a cool, shady and friendly tree that is seen everywhere in the Kashmir valley up to an altitude of 8000 feet from the sea level. Its botanical name is Platanus orientalis. It is found everywhere in Kashmir and even inside lakes ( Char Chinar near and Sona Lenk near Hazrat Bal in Dal lake, outside shrines and inside all Mughal gardens of Kashmir. A deciduous tree, Chinar traces its origin to Greece. In Autumn season, Chinars spread a golden hue all over in the Kashmir valley. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes CHINAR TREE The Sikh scriptures mention that Guru Nanak Dev Ji addressed Brahmins of Mattan under a tall and shady Chinar tree at Martand Teertha in Kashmir. Many references convey that Chinar, has been an ancient tree in the Kashmir valley that was widely revered as Goddess Bhawani. It was also called Bhawani. Some Sanskrit scholars are of the view that the ancient name this tree has been Bhuvan Vahini. In his book Rajtaringani, Kalhana makes mention of the Vata tree. The description of the Vata tree mentioned by Kalhana matches a Booen. The Kashmiris credit Sultan Zain ul Abdin for extending and encouraging plantation of Chinar trees in all the areas of the Kashmir valley during his rule. Researchers have found a Chinar tree, which could be the oldest in Asia, in Chittergam Chadura village in Budgam district of Central Kashmir. The tree is believed to have been planted by Hazrat Syed Qasim Sahib in 1374 A.D. In Kashmir, many saints, Sufis, Sadhus people have used the large hollow trunk (Booeni Goff) of the Chinar tree to perform meditation. At the confluence of rivers Sindh and Vitasta near Shadipur in Kashmir known as `Prayag', a Chinar tree is growing for many centuries. It is surrounded by water on all sides. The Kashmiri Pandits call it ‘Prayaagitch Booen ’. Before 1990, they would come to this place for immersion of the ashes (remains) of the dead. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes POPLAR In the Kashmiri language, Poplar ( Safeda) is known as Fraes’t. This tree has now found much utility in the fruit packaging and plyboard industry. The soft cotton-like white fluff of poplar seed that floats in the air during late spring / early summer season in Kashmir, has been proving a health hazard lately. Some experts believe that the poplar tree 'pollen' has been aggravating respiratory illness in the Kashmir valley. Tawqeer ul Islam @Educate All Trust's Academy WILLOW The willow is known as Veer in the Kashmiri language. A cluster of willows, known as Veer-vaar in Kashmiri is a common sight near streams and brooks. It is used as an ideal timber while the graded variety of the willow is used for making cricket bats. This Cricket bat industry is localized in Sangam-Halamulla village near Bijbihara town. The dried willow leaves are known as Baatchhi in Kashmir. The willow twigs or shoots are also used for Kangris, baskets, chairs and other useful domestic items. Fresh willow twigs were also used as Miswaakh (teeth cleaning brush ) in the Kashmir valley. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes DEODAR Deodar (Cedrus Deodara) or Kashmir Cedar is also known as Divdhor in Kashmiri. Its wood is ideal for making furniture, boats, houseboats, bridges, railway tracks, doors and window frames, etc. This is perhaps the best of timber that is produced in Jammu And Kashmir in terms of utility and durability. Paddy husking mortars or Kanz was also made from this wood. Doda district, Jammu used to be a rich source of Deodar wood. Hindus believe that forests full of Deodar trees or Devadāru trees are the abodes of the ancient sages who were devoted to Lord Shiva. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes HIMALAYAN BLUE PINE The Himalayan blue pine is known as Kaayur or Yaari- Kul in Kashmiri is again a high altitude tree. It grows in the upper forests and this wood is used for making doors, windows and frames and furniture in the Kashmir valley. This tree also gives a white resin and the portion with resin is known as Laesh ( in Kashmir ) that burns instantly. As a timber, Kaayur was also supplied through the government-run depots to consumers in the Kashmir valley. This wood decays easily on contact with the soil. Himalayan pines are also a commercial source of the turpentine and tar. There is a popular Kashmiri saying ” Kaashur yaar guv kaayur naar “ or ' The burning charcoal of the kaayur timber is a friend of the Kashmiri’. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes NETTLE TREE Nettle Tree (Celtis australis ) is known as Bremiji in Kashmiri. A tree that grew from a small shrub to a magnificent shady tree in graveyards and shrines of Kashmir is facing extinction. The fruit of Bremiji, reportedly sweet to taste, invited a variety of birds to this tree during summers. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes HIMALAYAN SILVER FIR The Himalayan Silver Fir is known as Budul in Kashmiri. This wood is preferred by carpenters as it is easier to work on. Budul trees are found in the higher altitude forests of Kashmir and as a timber, Budul was also supplied through government-run depots in the Kashmir Valley. This was an ideal wood to be used for beams in building construction in Kashmir. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes ELM Elm is known as Brenn in Kashmiri. It is a tall tree that grows in higher altitudes not less than 7000 feet. Hindus in Kashmir revered this tree and identified it with Lord Ganesha. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes BIRCH Birch is known as Burza ( Bojh Patra ) in Kashmiri. A quite familiar tree in Kashmir as its bark was extensively used for writing books, manuscripts and making roofs of shrines and buildings. A thick layer of birch bark was finally covered with thick mud to give the final finish to mud roofed buildings in Kashmir. Hindus also used this bark in various religious ceremonies and rituals. Birch is a deciduous tree that has papery plates of bark. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes FALSE WITCH HAZEL False Witch Hazel is Hatab in Kashmiri. It used to be the most preferred and ideal timber in Kashmiri kitchen. The Muhul ( Kashmiri ) or pestle that was used in manual husking of rice in homes was made from Hatab while the husking mortar or the Kunz (Kashmiri ) was made from Deodar wood. This wood was also used for making ladles in Kashmir. This timber gives a little hard variety of charcoal which was ideal for Kangris. The tree appears to be extinct in the Kashmir valley at the moment. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes MESQUITE TREE (BABOOL) Mesquite tree or Babool is known as Kikkar- kul in Kashmiri. Kashmiri Kikkar is also closer to the Acacia Nilotica family of trees. The thorny Kikkar tree is seen in many areas of Kashmir. The leaves of this tree are reported to be having medicinal uses. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes KASHMIR CYPRESS The cypress is known as Sarva -Kul in Kashmiri. It is a coniferous, graceful and ornamental tree that can grow to a height of 50 to 60 feet in the Kashmir valley. It is planted in gardens and parks and even in private lawns. The seed shedding of this tree is done by the dark brown cones that grow on this tree. Kashmir cypress holds its foliage year-round. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes MULBERRY TREE The Mulberry tree is known as Tuel- Kul in Kashmiri. The leaves of this tree are ideal food for silkworms and hence the tree is quite important in the silk industry. It is a protected tree. Mulberry tree twigs are also used by Kashmiri Pandits in some religious rituals and ceremonies. The mulberry wood is also used for the doors and agricultural implements like a plough. After seasoning, it can be turned and carved that makes it ideal for making hockey sticks, badminton or tennis rackets. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes PROTECTED AREAS - NATIONAL PARKS, WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES AND WETLANDS Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes PROTECTED AREAS - NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES Jammu and Kashmir presents a variety of geographical regions, climate and vegetation which provide shelter to a number of wildlife in the state. Wildlife week is celebrated in the first week of October every year in Jammu and Kashmir. Nearly 4440 species of plants, 571 species of animals, 73 species of mammals, 358 species of birds, 68 species of reptiles, 14 species of amphibians, 158 species of butterflies and 225 species of insects have been identified so far in Jammu and Kashmir. The Government has notified 4907.41 sq km under Protected Area Network, which is about 11.60 percent of the total geographical area of the UT includes 4 National Parks, 14 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 16 Conservation Reserves and 14 Wetland Reserves. PROTECTED AREA JAMMU AND KASHMIR LADAKH National Parks 4 1 Wildlife Sanctuaries 14 2 Conservation Reserves 16 3 Wetland Reserves 14 2 Ramsar Sites 5 2 NATIONAL PARKS IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes  Hemis NP Kazinag NP Salim Ali NP Dachigam NP Kishtiwar NP NATIONAL PARKS IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR There are 106 existing national parks in India covering an area of 44,402.95 km2, which is 1.35% of the geographical area of the country (National Wildlife Database Centre, Nov. 2023). Established Key Species 1981 Hangul (Cervus Hangulu) 1992 Hangul (Cervus Hangulu) 1981 Snow Leopard and Ibex 2000 Western Tragopan Larget National Park: Kishtiwar National Park Smallest National Park: Salim Ali (City Forest National Park) Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes KISHTWAR NATIONAL PARK It is located in Kishtwar district. The area of the park is about 2191 sq km. It was established in 1981. The main aim of the park is to protect the Snow Leopards which is in the Vulenrable list of IUCN Red List book. The park is surrounded by the Rinnay river to the North, Kibar nala catchment in the South, main divide of the Great Himalayas in the East and Marwa river to the West. The flora of this park include coniferous, alpine, meadows and scrub forests. The important tree species are chilgoza pine, Himalayan cedar, Persian walnut, oak, etc. Herbs are also found here like purple false brome, anemone, mugwort, sundrops, etc. The fauna of this sanctuary include musk deer (Endangered), Himalayan black and brown bear (Vulnerable), hangul or Kashmiri stag (Critically Endangered), snow leopard (Vulnerable), serow (Vulnerable), ibex (Least Concern), etc. Around 50 species of birds are found here which includes Himalayan monal, bearded vulture, white cheeked bulbul, koklass, Indian mynah, etc. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes DACHIGAM NATIONAL PARK It is located in Srinagar/Pulwama districts, in the Zabarwan Range of the Himalayas. The area of the park is about 141 sq km. The park has been a protected area since 1910 by the then Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir. It was established in the year 1981. It is the most elevated reserve in J&K. Marsar lake is the important lake in this region which flows out of Dagwan river. The park has about 500 species of herbs, 50 species of trees and about 20 speices of shrubs. There are alpine pastures(Margs), meadows, waterfalls and scrub vegetation with deep gullies, locally known as Nars. The wild tree variety include wild cherry, peach, apple, apricot, chinar, birch, pine, etc. The fauna of this park include Hangul (UT animal) or Kashmiri Stag, Himalayan brown bear, Himalayan black bear, musk deer, langur, Himalayan marmot(Least Concern), yellow throated morten, leopard, etc. The important species are monal, koklas, bearded vulture, griffon vulture, golden eagle, grey heron, starling, golden oriole, paradise flycatcher,Western yellow-billed blue magpie, kestrel, peregrine falcon, black bulbul, etc. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes SALIM ALI NATIONAL PARK It is located in the Srinagar district. The area of the park is about 9 sq km. The earlier name of this park was the City Forest National Park. It was established in the year 1992. The park was named after the renowned ornithologist and naturalist, Mr Salim Moizuddin Abdul Ali. Mangrove Shrubbery is the important flora of the park. The fauna of this park include Kashmiri antelope, jackal, flying fox, leopard, Himalayan black bear, musk deer, etc. The park has about 70 species of birds. Some of the important bird species are ring dove, paradise flycatcher, Himalayan snowcock, kingfisher, Himalayan monal. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes KAZINAG NATIONAL PARK Kazinag or Qazinag National Park is situated in North bank of Jhelum close to Line of Control in Baramulla district. It is part of a proposal for a trans-Karakoram peace park with Pakistan. The national park was created after the Kargil War and based on the increasing pressure to protect the endangered and rare Markhor Wild Goat (Threatned Species). The park is made out of the Limber and Lachipora Wildlife Sanctuaries and the Nagnari Conservation Reserve. Nearly 20 species of animals can be found in the park which includes endangered Markhor Wild Goat, Musk deer, Brown bear, Black bear, small Kashmir flying squirrel, Leopard to name some. The Kazinag National Park is home to about 120 species of birds which include Golden Eagle, Sparrow Hawk, Kashmir Red breasted Flycatcher, Snow Pigeon, The Cuckoo Himalayan pied Kingfisher etc. It is home to 17 Species of Butterflies which include Regal Apollo, Brown Argus, Common Red Apollo,Mountain Argus etc. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes HEMIS NATIONAL PARK It is located in the Eastern Ladakh (Leh) in the North of the Himalayas and its area is about 3350 sq km. It is known as the largest national park in the South Asia which was established in 1981. The park is considered to have the highest density of snow leopard (Vulnerable) of any protected area in the world. Thus, it is known as the Snow Leopard Capital of India. The park is situated on very rugged and mountainous topography having a altitute between 3300 to 6000m. The park is also famous for the 400 year old Hemis Monastery which is located within the park. Indus and Zanskar rivers meet at the park’s boundary which has a beautiful scenic view. The park also has Stok Kangri peak. Forests of junipers, subalpine dry birch, populus-salix forests. The park is considered the only habitat of Ladakhi Urial or Shapu in India. The fauna of this park include snow leopard, Asiatic ibex, bharal (Blue Sheep), wolf, Tibetan argali, Tibetan wild ass (Near Threatened) or kiang, Himalayan marmot, etc. Some of the common birds found in this park are golden eagle, Himalayan snow cock, Tibetan snow finch, chukar, fire- fronted serin, etc. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes  WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR A sanctuary is a reserved area which is used for the conservation of animal. Only certain human activities are allowed on these lands like harvesting of timber, collecting minor forest products and private ownership rights until these cause any harm to the protected animals. Boundaries of sanctuaries are not well defined and controlled biotic interference is permitted. There are 14 Wildlife Sanctuaries in Jammu and Kashmir and 2 in Ladakh UT. The largest wildlife sanctuary of Jammu and Kashmir is Overa Aru Wildlife Sanctuary in Anantnag. The smallest wildlife sanctuary of Jammu and Kashmir is Jasrota Wildlife Sanctuary in Kathua. PROTECTED AREA JAMMU AND KASHMIR LADAKH National Parks 4 1 Wildlife Sanctuaries 14 2 Conservation Reserves 16 3 Wetland Reserves 14 2 Ramsar Sites 5 2 Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR Tawqeer ul Islam @Educate All Trust's Academy  Gulmarg WLS Limber WLS Lachipora WLS Thajwas (Baltal) WLS Changtang WLS Karokaram WLS Tral WLS Hirpora WLS Overa – Aru WLS Rajparan (Daksum) WLS Tota Kutti WLS Ramnagar WLS Nandani WLS Bani WLS Mansar & Surinsar (R) Jasrota WLS WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES – KEY SPECIES Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes  Wildlife Sanctuary Year of Establishment 1. Nandini Wildlife Sanctuary 1981 2. Ramnagar Rakha Wildlife Sanctuary 1981 3. Surinsar Mansar Wildlife Sanctuary 1981 4. Baltal-Thajwas Wildlife Sanctuary 1987 5. Gulmarg Wildlife Sanctuary 1987 6. Hirapora Wildlife Sanctuary 1987 7. Jasrota Wildlife Sanctuary 1987 8. Lachipora Wildlife Sanctuary 1987 9. Limber Wildlife Sanctuary 1987 10. Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary 1987 11. Rajparian (Daksum) Wildlife Sanctuary 2002 12. Tatta Kutti Wildlife Sanctuary 2012 13. Bani Wildlife Sanctuary 2019 14. Tral Wildlife Sanctaury 2019 * Source: www.wiienvis.nic.in SURINSAR MANSAR WILDLIFE SANCTUARY It is located in Udhumpur/ Sambha and Jammu. It spreads over an area of 98 sq. km. There are two lakes. This sanctuary has got its name from these lakes. It was established in 1981. JASROTA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY It is located on the bank of river Ujh, Northwards of village Jasrota in Kathua district. It was established in 1987. This Wildlife Sanctuary is rich in flora which is dominated by bamboo plantations. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes GULMARG WILDLIFE SANCTUARY It is located in Baramulla. It spreads over an area of 180 km. It was established in 1987. This sanctuary includes Gulmarg Biosphere Reserve. The fauna of this sanctuary include hangul, serow, brown bear, leopard, black bear, red fox, etc. OVERA-ARU WILDLIFE SANCTUARY It is located in Anantnag district. It spreads over an area of 425 sq km. It was establised in 1987. The fauna of this sanctuary include Kashmir red deer or hangul, Kashmir musk deer, Asiatic ibex,Himalayan serow, common leopard, Asiatic black bear, Himalayan brown bear, etc. It has one endangered bird species like Egyptian vulture, one vulnerable species like Kashmir flycatcher and two near threatened species like European roller, and tytler’s leaf-warbler. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes NANDINI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY It is located about 38 km from Jammu on National Highway 44. It spreads over an area of 33.34 sq km. It was established in 1981. The fauna of this sanctuary include leopard, wild boar, rhesus monkey, goral, grey langur, pheasants, etc. RAJPARIAN (DAKSUM) WILDLIFE SANCTUARY It is located in Anantnag district of Kashmir. It spreads over an area of 20 km. It was established in 2002. The fauna of this sanctuary include Himalayan black bear, hangul, and musk deer. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES OF LADAKH Wildlife Sanctuary District Year of Establishment Area (sq km) 1. Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary Leh 1987 4000 2. Karakoram (Nubra Shyok) Wildlife Sanctuary Leh 1987 5000 * Source: www.wiienvis.nic.in Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes KARAKORAM WILDLIFE SANCTUARY It is a high altitude wildlife sanctuary which is located in the Easternmost part of the Karakoram range in Leh district, Ladakh. Being the largest wildlife sanctuary it spreads over an area of 5000 sq km. It was established in 1987. The sanctuary is one of the few places in India which has a migratory population of the Chiru or Tibetan Antelope. The fauna of this sanctuary include Tibetan gazalle,Himalayan ibex, bharal, wild yak, snow leopard, lynx, wolf, red fox,Himalayan mouse hare,Himalayan marmot, common otter, wooly hare, Ladakhi urial, argali, double hump camel, etc. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes CHANGTHANG WILDLIFE SANCTUARY It is located in the East of Leh district and encloses two high altitude lakes, Pangong Tso and Tso Moriri. It spreads over an area of 4000 sq km. It was established in 1987. The Indus river passing through the sanctuary divides it into two parts. The fauna of this sanctuary include Kiang (Tibetan wild ass), snow leopard, lynx, wolf, wild dog, Tibetan gazelle, Tibetan argali, blue sheep, wild yak, Ladakh urial, etc. The bird species of this sanctuary include black necked crane (migratory bird), brahminy ducks, brown- headed gulls, etc. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes CONSERVATION RESERVES Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes CONSERVATION RESERVES IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR Tawqeer ul Islam @Educate All Trust's Academy  Ajas CR Naganari CR Wanget CR Norrichain, Brain Nishat CR Sabu Khrew CR Khimber / Dara / Shirazbal CR Tsomoiri Khonmoh CR Boodh Karbu CR Kheri CR Kulian Achabal CR Ghabir Mughalan Goran CR Jawahar Tunnel CR Sheshra CR Thein CR Bahu CR Sudhamadev CR CONSERVATION RESERVES – KEY SPECIES Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes CONSERVATION RESERVES IN LADAKH Districts Conservation Reserves Kargil Boodh Karbu Leh Norrichain, Sabu, Tsomoiri (Ramsar Site) * Source : www.wiienvis.nic.in Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes CONSERVATION RESERVES OF LADAKH S. No. Name of the Reserve Estd Year Area (Sq km) 1. Boodh Karbu (Kargil) 2008 12.00 2. Kanji (Leh) 2008 100.00 Norrichain Wetland (Tsokar) (Ramsar site) (Leh) 3. 2008 2.00 4. Sabu (Leh) 2008 15.00 5. Tsomoiri Wetland (Ramsar) (Leh) 2008 120.00 WETLANDS RESERVES Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes WETLAND RESERVES Tawqeer ul Islam @Educate All Trust's Academy  Mirgund WR Hygam WR (Ramsar Site) Shallabugh WR (Ramsar Site) Tso kar WR (Ramsar Site) Hoera WR (Ramsar Site) Tsomoiri WR Chatlam WR Manibugh WR Kranchoo WR Freshkori WR Gharna WR Phargwal WR Kukarian WR Sangral – Asachak WR Nanga WR WETLAND RESERVES – KEY SPECIES Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes RAMSAR WETLAND RESERVES S. No Ramsar Site Year Area Hokera Wetland 1. 2005 13.75 (Srinagar / Budgam) Hygam Wetland 2. 2022 8.02 (Baramulla) Shallbugh Wetland 3. 2022 16.75 (Ganderbal) Surinsar-Mansar Lakes 4. 2005 3.50 (Sambha / Udhumpur) 5. Wular Lake (Bandipora) 1990 189.00 Largest and Oldest Ramsar site: Wular (189 sq km) Smallest Ramsar site : Surinsar Mansar (3.5 sq km) Source: https://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/ramsar_wetland_sites_8224.aspx RAMSAR WETLAND RESERVES IN LADAKH S.No Ramsar Site Year Area 1 Tso Kar Wetland Complex (Ramsar site) 2020 95.77 (Leh) 2 Tsomoriri Lake (Leh) 2002 120.00 Source: https://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/ramsar_wetland_sites_8224.aspx Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes  THE JAMMU AND KASHMIR STATE FOREST POLICY, 2010 Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes THE JAMMU AND KASHMIR STATE FOREST POLICY, 2010 The Jammu and Kashmir Government launched a Forest Policy which aimed at conserving biodiversity, rehabilitation and protection of degraded forests, protection of forest land and creating a sustained people’s movement for healthy forests in the state. Important objectives of the State Forest Policy of Jammu and Kashmir, 2010 are as follows: i. To preserve the natural forests with the vast variety of flora and fauna. ii. To restore degraded forests in order to optimise their productivity. iii. To improve productivity of existing forests and encourage forestry activities, schemes and programmes in order to supply forest produce to the people who are dependent on forests. This will help to remove poverty. iv. Use integrated watershed management techniques and practices in order to check denudation and soil erosion in catchments. v. To develop forest fringe belt into high production tree strips. It will help to reduce pressure on forests. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes  JAMMU AND KASHMIR FOREST DEPARTMENT Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes JAMMU AND KASHMIR FOREST DEPARTMENT The Forest Department of Jammu and Kashmir came into existence in 1883. In order to bring the functioning of the department on scientific lines, the State Council issued Forest Regulation No. 1 in the year 1895. Important objectives of the Forest Department are as follows: i. To protect, conserve and develop the forest resources and wildlife of the state. ii. Expand the forest and tree cover in the state. iii. Conduct and monitor participatory forest management, forestry extension and forestry research. iv. To develop infrastructure and human resources. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes  JAMMU AND KASHMIR WILDLIFE PROTECTION DEPARTMENT Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes JAMMU AND KASHMIR WILDLIFE PROTECTION DEPARTMENT The Wildlife Protection Department, Jammu and Kashmir was established in 1978. It aims to provide protection to the flora and fauna of the state and also to manage the protected areas of Jammu and Kashmir. It celebrates the first week of October as the wildlife week every year. Important objectives of the department are as follows: i. To manage and improve the protected areas of the state. ii. To conduct drives in respect of anti-poaching and anti-smuggling. iii. To formulate and implement wildlife protection plans. iv. To conduct research and training programmes. v. To provide awareness and nature education. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes  THE J&K WILDLIFE (PROTECTION) ACT, 1978 Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes THE J&K WILDLIFE (PROTECTION) ACT, 1978 The Department of Wildlife Protection, Jammu and Kashmir evolved from erstwhile J&K Game Preservation Department, created under the Game Preservation Act, 1942 to protect and preserve the “Game” in the erstwhile J&K State. The “Game” included few species of wild animals and birds considered important from hunting point of view as a sport. Prior to enactment of Jammu and Kashmir Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1978, few areas called “Game Sanctuaries”, “Game Reserves” and “Reserve Areas” were regulated under a set of various rules to provide protection to few species of wild animals and birds considered important from shooting and hunting point of view. The J&K Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1978 was amended in 2002 on the lines of the National Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. After the enactment of Jammu & Kashmir Reorganization Act, 2019 by the Parliament, the Jammu & Kashmir Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1978 was repealed was the Central Act, i.e; Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 became applicable to the Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir. Now, the legal provisions for Wildlife Protection in Jammu & Kashmir are same to those in the Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes other parts of the Country.  JAMMU AND KASHMIR STATE FOREST CORPORATION Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes JAMMU AND KASHMIR STATE FOREST CORPORATION The Jammu and Kashmir State Forest Corporation is a Statutory Corporation established under the Jammu and Kashmir State Forest Corporation Act, 1978. The Government Lumbering Undertaking (GLU), which used to carry out extraction and sale of timber in the state, was merged into the State Forest Corporation. The objectives of the corporation are better preservation, supervision and development of forests and better exploitation of forest produce. The functions of the corporation are defined in the Jammu and Kashmir SFC Act, as under: i. To undertake removal and disposal of trees and exploitation of forest resources entrusted to it by the government. ii. To undertake research programmes relating to forest and forest products and render technical advise to government on matters relating to forestry. iii. To manage, maintain and develop such forests as are transferred and entrusted to it by the government till these are handed back to the government. Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes CENTRAL AND STATE GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES FOR WILDLIFE PROTECTION Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes PROJECT SNOW LEOPARD The Ministry of Environment and Forests Government of India, launched the Project Snow Leopard in 2009 in Trans-Himalayan regions of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. The aim of the project is to safeguard and conserve India’s natural heritage of high altitude prey wildlife population and their habitats. It also aims to promote conservation through participatory policies and actions. The actions include habitat improvement through pasture development, patrolling, micro level planning and eco-development activities. The erstwhile state of JK has about 60% of the project area and 60% to 65% of the snow leopard population. Tawqeer ul Islam @Educate All Trust's Academy PROJECT HANGUL The Government of Jammu and Kashmir prepared a Project Hangul for the protection of the Hangul or Kashmir stag habitat in 1970s with the help of IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) and World Wildlife Fund (WWF). This animal species comes under the Schedule I of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and the Jammu and Kashmir Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1978. Its population increased till 2009 and after 2009, its population started decline. As per the latest census 2017, its number has fallen drastically. To protect this species, a captive breeding centre was opened at Shikargarh on Srinagar-Anantnag highway by the State’s Wildlife Department, but it could not function well and has been disfunctional and non- operative. Tawqeer ul Islam @Educate All Trust's Academy MARKHOR RECOVERY PROGRAMME UNDER CAMPA This programme was launched in 2009. The programme was formulated by the Wildlife Protection Department, Jammu and Kashmir and supported by the State Government, the Ministry of Environment and Forests. It was formulated in Hirpora, Lachipora Limber Wildlife Sancturies and Kazinag National Park. It was formulated to protect markhor (wild goat), from hunting by the local communities. The Markhor Recovery Plan provides for actions like habitat improvement, afforestation, soil and water conservation, development of infrastructure like offices, guard huts, check posts, measures for mobility and communications, anti grazing/anti poaching activities and publicity and awareness generations. Pir Panjal Markhor is the largest wild goat in the world found only in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. It comes under Schedule I species (provide absolute protection) of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 and the Jammu and Kashmir Wildlife Protection Act, 1978. Tawqeer ul Islam @Educate All Trust's Academy  THREATENED FAUNA OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR Kashmir grey langur Semnopithecus ajax Pocock, 1928 EN (ENDANGERED) Himalayan musk deer Moschus leucogaster Hodgson, 1839 EN Kashmir musk deer Moschus cupreus Grubb, 1982 EN Kashmir red deer or hangul Cervus hanglu hanglu (Wagner, 1844) CR (CRITICALLY ENDANGERED) Wild yak Bos mutus Przewalski, 1883 VU (VULNERABLE) Tibetan antelope Pantholops hodgsonii Abel, 1826 NT (NEAR THREATENED) Sambar Rusa unicolor Kerr, 1792 VU Tibetan gazelle Procapra picticaudata Hodgson, 1846 NT Markhor Capra falconeri Wagner, 1839 NT Himalayan tahr Hemitragus jemlahicus Smith, 1826 NT Urial Ovis orientalis Gmelin, 1774 VU Himalayan grey goral Nemorhaedus bedfordi Lydekker, 1905 NT Himalayan serow Capricornis thar Hodgson, 1831 NT Common leopard Panthera pardus Linnaeus, 1758 VU Snow leopard Panthera uncia Schreber, 1775 VU Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus Cuvier, 1823 VU Woolly flying squirrel Eupetaurus cinereus Thomas, 1888 EN Cheer pheasant Catreus wallichii (Hardwicke, 1827) VU White-headed duck Oxyura leucocephala (Scopoli, 1769) EN Greater spotted eagle Aquila clanga Pallas 1811 VU Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus (Linnaeus 1758) EN Black-necked crane Grus nigricollis Przevalski 1876 VU Siberian crane Grus leucogeranus Pallas, 1773 CR Kashmir Flycatcher Ficedula subrubra (Hartert & Steinbacher 1934) VU Katli Neolissochilus hexagonolepis (McClelland, 1839) NT Golden mahseer Tor putitora Hamilton, 1822 EN THANK YOU Tawqeer ul Islam @ EACT Classes  Please Visit EACT Classes– Educate All Trust on YouTube for the Videos. 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