Physiography of Jammu and Kashmir PDF

Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes  Please Visit EACT Classes– Educate All Charitable Trust on YouTube for the Videos. Link: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7iuDjCnEFf6pAskdZsvQ3w Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes RESOURCES REFFERED...

Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes  Please Visit EACT Classes– Educate All Charitable Trust on YouTube for the Videos. Link: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7iuDjCnEFf6pAskdZsvQ3w Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes RESOURCES REFFERED TO FOR THE COURSE And many other credible internet sources……………………. Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes  BASIC INFORMATION Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes BASIC FACTS Created on 31 October 2019 Capital Srinagar (Summer May – Oct ), Jammu (Winter) Total Geographical Area 42,241 km² Total Population 12,267,013 Population Density 290/km2 Districts 20 Secretariat Jammu and Srinagar High Court High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh Official Languages Kashmiri, Dogri, Urdu, Hindi, English Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes UT SYMBOLS UT Animal: The Hangul or Kashmir Stag The Hangul or Kashmir Stag (Cervus elaphus hanglu) is a sub-species of elk of India, especially in Jammu and Kashmir. It is listed as critically endangered by IUCN. Dachigam National Park is the home of this species. UT Bird: The Khalij Pheasant The Kahlij Pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos) is found in forests and thickets, especially in the Himalayan foothills, from Pakistan to western Thailand. Declared on : On 21 October 2021. Kashmir Name: Wan Kokur IUCN status listing: Least Concern UT Tree : The Chinar The Chinar tree (Platanus orientalis) is the official UT Tree of the Jammu and Kashmir. It is also called Booune in the Kashmiri language. It is a large deciduous Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes tree which is known for its longevity and spreading crown. UT SYMBOLS UT Flower : The Lotus The Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is the official UT Flower of Jammu and Kashmir. It symbolizes purity, beauty, majesty, grace, fertility, wealth, knowledge and so on. UT Emblem The new union territory of Jammu and Kashmir has not as yet adopted a distinct symbol for official use and instead uses the words "Government of Jammu and Kashmir" on official documents either alone or in conjunction with the National Emblem of India. Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes PHYSIOGRAPHY OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes LOCATION The UT of Jammu and Kashmir lies in the north of India in the Himalayan mountains. Latitude 32°17’ N - 35°10’ N Longitude 73°26’ E - 76°20’ E The state has an area of 42,241 km². 35°10’ N State Boundaries: Himachal Pradesh and Punjab in the South Ladakh UT in North/East. International Boundaries: Pakistan 76°20’ E A part of the UT is under the control of Pakistan. 73°26’ E Jammu and Kashmir is the 2nd largest UT of India in geographical area and population after Ladakh (591462 km) and Delhi respectively. 32°17’ N Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes  35°10’ N 32°17’ N 73°26’ E 0°Longitude 76°20’ E 0°Latitude Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR A large portion of the terrain of the UT is hilly area which varies from 914 m to 7135m (Nun Peak) in height above sea level. Jammu and Kashmir is also comprised of several valleys namely, Kashmir valley, Tawi valley, Poonch valley, Sind valley, Chenab valley and Lidder valley. Geographically, the UT (Ladakh included) is divided into seven physiographic divisions. These divisions are: 1. Outer Plains 2. Foothills (Shiwaliks) 3. Lesser Himalayas (Pir Panjal) 4. Valley of Kashmir 5. Greater Himalayas 6. The Karakoram Region 7. Ladakh Plateau Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes 1. PLAINS The plains of the state were formed by the eroded bedrock material brought down by the mighty river Chenab, Ravi, Tawi, Ujh, Basantar etc. This region stretches in the Southern parts of Akhnoor, Ranbirsingh Pura (RS Pura), Samba and Kathua areas of Jammu and Kashmir. The outer plains are locally known as ‘Andarwah’ or ‘Bajwat’. The outer plains is traversed by numerous hill torrents known as “Khads” most of the year these Khads are dry, but in rainy seasons these torrents turn into huge gushing rivers. Here we find weed growth, locally known as Khar or elephant grass. Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes 1. PLAINS Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes 1. PLAINS Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes 2. FOOTHILLS -SHIWALIKS The foothills of the Himalayas are known as Shiwaliks which are made of the younger tertiary rocks. The width of the Shiwaliks in the state is between 20 to 50 km and altitude of 600 -1200m. These foothills comprise of long ridges and longitudinal valleys (between Shiwaliks and Lesser Himalayas), called Duns e.g. Duns of Udhampur,Bhasoli and Kotli. These Duns are a result of erosion of sandstone, clay and silt of the region. The inner zone has steep slope and plateau residue due to folding and erosion activities on the sedimentary rocks. The undulating slopes of Shiwalik between Ravi and Chenab rivers are known as Kandi inhibited by Dhoodiya Gujjars. The areas of the UT which lie in the Shiwalik hills are Jammu, Mirpur, Udhampur and Riasi. Mansar and Surinsar lie in this range. Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes It is also known as Manak Parbat in ancient times. SHIWALIKS AND DUNS Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes FORMATION OF DUNS Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes 3. LESSER HIMALAYAS It is also known as Middle Himalayas which lie between the Ravi (in the East) and the Poonch (in the West). This region is composed of volcanic rocks of granite, gneiss, quartz, etc. The average elevation of this region is 3600-4600m. Two important ranges namely Pir Panjal (5000 m) and Dhauladhar are part of this region. In Jammu region, these ranges are locally known as Pahar. Pir Panjal is the longest and the i.e. Westernmost range of this region. Vaishno Devi cave is situated on a peak of Trikuta mountain in this region. Many rivers have their source in the middle Himalayas like Tawi, Manawar-Tawi, Basantra and Ujh rivers. Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes 3. LESSER HIMALAYAS Sunset Peak (Romesh Thong) is a mountain peak located on the border of the Poonch and Shopian along with the Tatakooti Peak lie in the Pir Panjal. The hill station of Gulmarg in Kashmir lies in this range. Haji Pir Pass on the western Pir Panjal range on the Haji Pir Pass road between Poonch and Uri. Sunset Peak The Pir Panjal Pass (also called Peer Ki Gali) connects Pir ki Gali the Kashmir valley with Rajouri and Poonch via the Banihal Pass Sintham Pass Mughal Road. The Banihal pass (2,832 m) lies at the head of the Jhelum River. The Sinthan pass connects Jammu and Kashmir with Kishtwar. Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes 3. LESSER HIMALAYAS Jawahar Tunnel The Jawahar Tunnel is a 2.5 km (1.6 mi) long tunnel through Pir Panjal mountain under the Banihal pass connects Banihal with Qazigund. Commissioned in December 1956. Banihal Qazigund Road Tunnel 8.45 km (5.25 mi) long twin-tube Banihal Qazigund Road Tunnel. Atal Tunnel The Atal Tunnel has been built under the Rohtang Pass in the eastern Pir Panjal range of the Himalayas on the Leh- Manali Highway. With 8.8 km (5.5 mi) length, the tunnel is the second longest road tunnel in India Banihal Railway Tunnel 11.215 kilometres connects Quazigund and Banihal commissioned on 26 June 2013 for regular service. Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes It is India's longest railway tunnel. LESSER HIMALAYAS - PIRPANJAL Haji Pir Pass Pir ki Gali Sunset Peak Banihal Pass Sinthan Pass Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes 4. VALLEY OF KASHMIR It is deep asymmetrical basin which lies between the Pir Panjal and the i.e. Western end of the Great Himalayan ranges. It is filled by sediments of lakes and alluvium deposited by the upper Jhelum river. There are extensive elevated plateau of alluvial and lacustrine material known as Karewas. Within the valley of Kashmir, there are important side valleys like the Lidder valley, the Sind valley and the Lolab valley. Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes KAREWAS - WUDURS Karewas are lacustrine deposits [deposits in lakes] in the Valley of Kashmir and in Bhadarwah Valley of the Jammu Division. In Kashmiri, the word Karewa means “elevated tableland.” Godwin-Austin (1859) coined the phrase. These are the flat-topped mounds of loamy soil that surround the Kashmir Valley on all sides. Geologists think that the region of Kashmir valley was formerly filled with water from the Tethys Sea during the Pleistocene Period (1 million years ago). The Baramullah Gorge developed as a consequence of endogenetic stresses, and a lake was drained through it. Over time, the water drained away, leaving behind deposits such as unconsolidated gravel and sludge. These deposits are referred to as KAREWA. Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes KAREWAS Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes KAREWAS Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes KAREWAS Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes KAREWAS Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes KAREWAS Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes KAREWAS Valley Floor Side Valleys Karewas Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes KASHMIR VALLEY Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes 5. GREATER HIMALAYAS This zone lies to the North of the Pir Panjal and Dhauladhar ranges, having an average heights between 4500 to 6100 m. In the North, Kashmir range forms the part of Zanskar range and also forms the North-Eastern border of the Kashmir valley. The ranges of Greater Himalayas prevent the cold winds of the Central Asia to enter into India. Nanga Parbat (Diamer) peak lies in this range. Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes GREATER HIMALAYAS Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes 6. ZANSKAR RANGE The Zanskar Range is a mountain range in the union territory of Ladakh that separates Zanskar from Ladakh itself. Geologically, the Zanskar Range is part of the Tethys Himalaya. The high peaks Nun and Kun is within this range. Marbal Pass and many other passes like Zojila Pass, Fotu La Pass, Namika La, Pensi La are in the Zanskar range. Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes 6. LADAKH RANGE The Ladakh Range is regarded as a southern extension of the Karakoram Range, which runs for 230 miles (370 km) from the confluence of the Indus and Shyok rivers in Baltistan to the Tibetan border of Ladakh in the southeast. The main mountain passes are Chorbat, Digar La, Khardung La, Chang La, Umling La and Tsaka La. Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes ZANSKAR AND LADAKH RANGES Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes UPPER INDUS VALLEY This valley includes the areas from the Tibetan border to the point in the Pakistani region of Kashmir (Westward). Each tributary of this river builds an alluvial fan in the main valley. Leh town is located (3500 m) in this valley. Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes KAROKARAM Most of Karakorum mountain range falls under jurisdiction of Gilgit-Baltistan which is controlled by Pakistan. Also known as Mount Godwin-Austen or Chhogori or Savage Mountain. It begins in the Wakhan Corridor (Afghanistan) in the west, encompasses the majority of Gilgit-Baltistan (controlled by Pakistan), and extends into Ladakh and Aksai Chin (controlled by China). It is the second highest mountain range in the world and part of the complex of ranges including the Pamir Mountains, the Hindu Kush and the Himalayan Mountains. The Karakoram has eighteen summits over 7,500 m height, with four of them exceeding 8,000 m. K2, the second highest peak in the world at 8,611 m, Gasherbrum I, Masherbrum Broad Peak and Gasherbrum II. Karakoram pass and Nubra pass are used by people for travelling purpose from Ladakh to Chinese Turkistan and Khattan. Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes KAROKARAM Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes LADAKH PLATEAU The Depsang Plains represent a high-altitude gravelly plain at the northwest portion of the disputed Aksai Chin region of Kashmir. India controls the western portion of the plains as part of Ladakh, whereas the eastern portion is controlled by China and claimed by India. The Line of Control with Pakistan-administered Gilgit- Baltistan is 80 km west of the Depsang Plains with the Siachen Glacier in-between. Ladakh's traditional trade route to Central Asia passed through the Depsang Plains, with the Karakoram Pass lying directly to its north. The Depsang plains are also part of the area called Sub- Sector North (SSN) by the Indian military. Lingi Tang Plains lie in the Eastern side of Aksai Chin. More plains, originally called Kiang Chu Thang in the local Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes language, is a plateau on the Leh–Manali Highway. LADAKH PLATEAU Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes MOUNTAINS OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes  Nanga Parbat Burzil Hurmukh Apharwat Amarnath Tosamaidan Kolahai Nun Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes MOUNTAINS OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR The Kashmir valley is surrounded by high mountain ranges and a narrow gorge at Baramulla. The Southern part of the state has Shiwalik hills and the Northern part is covered by the lofty Karakorum. Some of the important mountains are: Amarnath Afarwat Burzil Karakoram Nanga Parbat Harmukh Mountain Nun Kun Pir Panjal Shiwalik Toshmaidan and Kajinag Volcanic Mountains: Soyamji (1860 m) and Kharewa. Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes Zanskar AMARNATH It is located in Ganderbal district of J&K. Famous for its holy cave, Amarnath which can be reached through the Mahagunas pass. The mountain has Lidder valley where Gwasharan is situated towards Pahalgam. Kolahi Glacier is situated here. This valley also has ‘Sheshnag mountain’. Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes  Mount Kolahai Mahaguns Pass Sheeshnag Lake Nun Peak Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes AFARWAT This mountain spreads through the Gulmarg valley. Vare-Kanoul Nag /Frozen Lake 2/Alpathar Lake spring lies on it peak. Nullah Nagal has its origin from this spring which flows down and meets the Wular lake. Parent Range: Pir Panjal Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes AFARWAT Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes BURZIL This mountain divides Kashmir and Ladakh region where Burzil pass is situated. Burzil pass is an ancient pass and caravan route. The pass lies close to the Line of Control on route between Srinagar (Kashmir) and Gilgit. Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes BURZIL Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes NANGA PARBAT This mountain range lies southeast of the northernmost bend of the Indus river in Gilgit. Nanga Parbat is the westernmost major peak of the Himalayas. It is the 9th highest mountain in the world. In local language, it is known as ‘Diamer’ which means ‘King of Mountains’. Also known as Killer Mountain. Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes NANGA PARBAT Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes HARMUKH MOUNTAIN It is also known as mount Harmukuta. It is located in Ganderbal district of J&K in Himalayas. It is a part of the Himalayan range and is located between Nallah Sindh in the South and Neelum river in the North. Gangbal Lake is located at its foothills. It is considered one of the sacred mountains by Hindus, as according to Hindu mythology it is the abode of Lord Shiva. Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes HARMUKH MOUNTAIN Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes NUN KUN Nun is the tallest peak of Jammu and Kashmir, while its sister peak Kun lies in Ladakh. The Nun Kun massif is bounded to the north by the Suru valley and the Zanskar range, flanked to the east by the Pensi La, which separates the Suru and Zanskar Valleys. Baralacha La pass lies between Leh and Kullu. Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes NUN KUN Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes NUN KUN Nun Peak Kun Peak Pinnacle Peak Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes TOSHMAIDAN AND KAJINAG Toshmaidan and Kajinag are situated in the inner Himalayas. Important passes of this mountain range are Basmai Gali and Poonch Gali. Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes VOLCANIC MOUNTAINS Two volcanic mountain peaks are situated in Jammu and Kashmir. 1. Soyamji volcanic peak lies in North Machhipura (Handwara), which was once erupted for 13 months in 1934 and is now a dormant volcanic peak. 2. The other volcanic peak is, Kharewa which lies in Pahalgam tehsil, which is a dead volcanic peak. Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes SOYAMJI VOLCANIC PEAK Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes MOUNTAIN PEAKS OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes THANK YOU Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes  Please Visit EACT Classes– Educate All Charitable Trust on YouTube for the Videos. Link: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7iuDjCnEFf6pAskdZsvQ3w Tawqeer ul Islam @EACT Classes Study material for various subjects available on CA Lateef's Academy App Download the App: http://on-app.in/app/home?orgCode=ozaba Join us on telegram channel for notes and other information: https://t.me/calateef Donate to help Educate All Charitable Trust for providing Free of cost best Quality Education to those who can't afford Private coaching. you can donate by using upi/bhim etc donate here 👉: 0247010100002415@jkb The Account details are as follows: - Name: - Educate All Charitable Trust Account No: - 0247010100002415 IFSC Code: - JAKA0CHERRY (It is zero & not O) Tawqeer ul Islam @Educate All Trust's Academy